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We answer the seven most frequently asked questions about breastfeeding.
Building a mother's self-confidence and ensuring that, from the moment her baby is born, during the so-called "golden hour," a close bond can develop through breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact are essential for successful breastfeeding.
This is highlighted by pediatrician Diana Granda, from the Metropolitan Hospital, who answers our readers' most common questions about this crucial stage of motherhood.
- Why is breast milk the best food for a newborn?
Because breast milk contains all the essential nutrients a newborn needs , in the exact right proportions. It adapts to the baby's needs at each stage and is easily absorbed and digested. It contains antibodies and lactoferrins—proteins—that protect the baby from infections; it improves the baby's intestinal flora and allows the baby to form a strong bond with the mother. - What benefits does breast milk provide to the baby's immune system and development?Breast milk is a unique "bioactive" substance; that is, it is capable of interacting with the baby's biological systems and producing the following effects:
- Reduces the risk of gastroenteritis, otitis and meningitis.
- It transfers crucial immune cells so that the baby's body can respond correctly to threats.
- It promotes the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli that strengthen the intestine.
- Reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases and allergies.
- It provides essential fatty acids that are key to the development of the baby's brain and vision.
- What are the challenges mothers face during breastfeeding?First, there is a lack of information about what to expect from breastfeeding: the misconception that she has little milk leads mothers to supplement their child's diet by reducing their milk production. Mothers also face a lack of family support, which pressures them to supplement breastfeeding. Early return to work, breastfeeding-unfriendly environments , extreme fatigue, and postpartum depression can be very challenging.
- How long is breastfeeding recommended?Worldwide, it is recommended that breast milk be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months of a baby's life. It should then be supplemented with other foods, but should be continued until the baby is two years old or beyond, as long as both mother and child agree.
- In what situations is breastfeeding contraindicated?
- When a baby has galactosemia, meaning they cannot metabolize or break down galactose, a sugar found in milk.
- When the baby is in the acute phase of a condition known as 'maple syrup urine disease,' which prevents the body from processing certain amino acids.
- When the mother has HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or is a carrier of human lymphotropic viruses: a disease with effects similar to those of HIV.
- When the mother actively uses illicit drugs.
- What are the most common myths or misconceptions about breastfeeding?There are many myths that breastfeeding mothers have to fight; these are, according to the pediatrician, some of the most common and widespread:
- If the mother doesn't produce milk from the first day, she won't have any milk. This is false because the milk "let-down" only occurs on the third or fourth day after birth; at first, the baby feeds on colostrum: small in quantity, but rich in nutrients.
- If your baby cries a lot, it's because he's hungry. This is false: hunger is only one cause of crying. If he urinates every 3 or 4 hours and gains an appropriate amount of weight, he's in perfect health.
- The baby should eat every three hours and nurse for 10 minutes on each breast. This is a myth because breastfeeding should occur on demand—whenever the baby asks—and the important thing is that the mother's breast is emptied at each feeding, regardless of the time.
- If the mother is sick, she cannot breastfeed. This is incorrect: most illnesses are not transmitted through breast milk.
- If the baby isn't gaining weight, formula should be given. This is a misconception; the breastfeeding technique must first be evaluated and the baby must be ruled out for any sucking problems.
- How does breastfeeding influence the emotional bond between mother and child?It promotes close physical contact, helping the baby regulate its temperature and heart rate. Sucking stimulates the release of oxytocin, the attachment and love hormone, in the mother; and the baby also releases it, strengthening the connection. The mother's gaze, voice, and smell decrease the baby's cortisol production and, consequently, reduce crying and stress.
Colonoscopy: What it is, what it consists of, and why you shouldn't skip it
Colonoscopy is the minimally invasive and most effective exam that men and women over the age of 45 should undergo to prevent and detect colon cancer early, says Dr. Carla Ríos , a gastroenterologist at Metropolitan Hospital.
Due to the increase in cases among younger people, the recommended age for this exam was lowered from 50 to 45. This test, the specialist emphasizes, should be added to those performed to prevent breast, cervical, or prostate cancer.
"It's very important because colon cancer is completely preventable at an early stage," insists Dr. Ríos. To allay the fear that can arise from the still limited knowledge about colonoscopy, she explains the test step by step:
- The day before the examination, the patient should take laxatives to completely cleanse the bowel and ensure good visibility of the cavity.
- For the examination, the patient is sedated under constant surveillance; there is no pain.
- The specialist inserts the colonoscope—a thin tube containing a camera—to examine the patient's entire large intestine and the last portion of the small intestine. The intestinal mucosa and its general condition are observed.
- In the large intestine, or colon, polyps are searched for: "growths of the intestinal mucosa that, when removed early, never progress to cancer." Many are benign, such as adenomas; but if several years pass, they can become cancerous.You may also be interested in:
- Polyps and other superficial lesions are completely removed, from the root, and sent for pathological examination to determine their type: whether the lesion is inflammatory (hyperplastic), an adenoma, or malignant.
- When the gastroenterologist finds a lesion that cannot be removed because it is already infiltrating the colon, a biopsy is taken to determine the type of pathology and the best treatment for the patient.
- The colonoscopy can take 20 to 25 minutes, depending on the findings during the exam. After awakening, the patient can go home immediately. Avoid dairy and fatty foods and resume your normal life the next day.
If there's a direct family history of colon cancer, Dr. Ríos points out, the patient should move up their colonoscopy by about ten years, taking into account the age at which their relative became ill. "If your mother was diagnosed at 50, she should have the test at 40."
The frequency with which a person should undergo the exam depends on the result of the initial colonoscopy. "If it's normal, it can be repeated after ten years; if a polyp is found, depending on the type of lesion, it will be necessary to do it every three to five years."
Seis mitos frenan todavía la donación de sangre
El altruismo y la satisfacción muy personal de ayudar a otros está detrás de cada donación voluntaria de sangre; con los componentes de cada pinta, que equivale a 450 mililitros, se pueden salvar hasta tres vidas, señala Marcela Zamora, hematóloga del Hospital Metropolitano.
Y si bien los ecuatorianos somos capaces de mostrar generosidad desinteresada, también es cierto –comenta la especialista- que el desconocimiento y los temores infundados siguen impidiendo que la donación de sangre se convierta en una cultura.
Seis son los mitos o ideas erróneas generalizadas que aún circulan en nuestro medio; la hematóloga desvirtúa cada una de ellas:
- PODRÍA CONTAGIARME. Nada más falso, recalca la doctora Zamora, que pensar en el contagio de VIH, de hepatitis B y C o de sífilis a través de una donación de sangre. “Todo el material que se utiliza para la extracción, incluidas las agujas, es estéril y de un solo uso”.
- ME PUEDO ENGORDAR. Más de una persona no se anima a donar su sangre porque piensa que le engordará; y sucede todo lo contrario, afirma la especialista: “en la extracción de sangre perdemos calorías".
- PUEDO SENTIRME MAL Y DESMAYARME. Es mínimo el porcentaje de personas que, durante la donación, puede sentir una sensación de desmayo o una ligera descompensación. En esos contados casos, el personal médico atiende y vigila la recuperación del donante.
- VOY A TENER QUE AYUNAR. Las personas piensan que para donar sangre deben estar en ayunas, como si se tratara de una prueba médica; la recomendación es lo opuesto: “comer al menos en las últimas cuatro horas antes de la donación y dormir bien la noche anterior”.
- ALGO ME PUEDE PASAR. El desconocimiento de cómo se realiza la extracción de sangre genera temor y sospecha. “La donación es segura”, insiste la médica: “como donante puedo lograr más bien un recambio de mis glóbulos rojos que son los que oxigenan el cuerpo”.
- ME DIO HEPATITIS DE NIÑO Y NO PUEDO DONAR.
Haber tenido hepatitis A no es un impedimento. Estas son las únicas condiciones en las que está prohibida la donación:
- Cuando se ha adquirido hepatitis B y C, VIH, sífilis y Chagas; en la sangre donada se hacen pruebas para descartar estas cinco enfermedades.
- Tatuajes, piercings, cirugías o exámenes como colonoscopías hechos en el último año.
- Cuando en los últimos seis meses la persona ha tenido más de una pareja sexual.
- Cuando se ha viajado a la Costa o al Oriente durante el último mes.
- Cuando se pesa menos de 50 kilogramos (110 libras).
- Cuando ha habido un cáncer hematológico o de sangre; o se toman anticoagulantes.
Vivir con hipertensión: siete consejos prácticos para una vida plena
Tener hipertensión arterial y, al mismo tiempo, gozar de una buena calidad de vida es posible siempre y cuando el paciente haga ejercicio físico, tenga una alimentación saludable y, si es necesario y bajo control médico, tome sus medicinas de manera responsable.
En quienes han sido diagnosticados con presión alta, esta combinación tiene un solo objetivo, afirma Vladimir Ullauri, cardiólogo del Hospital Metropolitano: disminuir el riesgo de padecer complicaciones derivadas de la hipertensión: infartos cerebrales, insuficiencia renal o cardiaca.
“Si está bien controlado y mantiene esta pauta de manera indefinida, el paciente puede vivir tranquilo”, recalca el especialista. Sus consejos prácticos para lograr los cambios necesarios y llevar una vida plena pese a la hipertensión son los siguientes:
- Todas las personas diagnosticadas con presión alta deben realizar ejercicio de 3 a 5 veces a la semana y un mínimo de 30 minutos en cada día; el ejercicio debe ser de moderada intensidad: caminatas a ritmo rápido, natación, elíptica o un trote ligero.
- La dieta es fundamental para reducir la presión arterial y, además, controlar el peso, que es un factor de riesgo. El paciente debe disminuir, no suspender, el consumo de sal; reducir las porciones de carbohidratos como pan, papas, fideo, yuca, arroz y dulces; y mejorar la ingesta de proteínas, legumbres, vegetales y frutas en porciones controladas.
- De la dieta deben eliminarse los alimentos y productos con alto contenido de sal como los snacks y además, aquellos que tienen preservantes..
- El tabaco, el estrés y la contaminación ambiental son factores de riesgo y explican, en múltiples casos, el desarrollo de la hipertensión o sus complicaciones. Dejar de fumar y gestionar las preocupaciones es lo recomendable.
- Un médico debe diagnosticar la hipertensión y establecer el riesgo del paciente. Cuando la presión alta está asociada a una enfermedad cardiaca o a problemas renales, alteraciones del colesterol o diabetes, el paciente debe inevitablemente tomar medicina.
- Es el médico quien debe decidir el momento en que el paciente necesita medicina y la cantidad de fármacos que debe tomar. El doctor Ullauri insiste: “antes del tratamiento farmacológico, todos los pacientes necesitan tener un estilo de vida saludable”.
- Si la presión está controlada, siguiendo el tratamiento dado por el médico, es importante acudir a un control al menos dos veces al año. “No suspenda su tratamiento; no se olvide de la dieta y el ejercicio; y aprenda a medirse la presión”, recomienda el cardiólogo.
Hemofilia y vida activa: cómo planificar el día a día
Mejorar calidad de vida es el principal desafío que enfrentan los pacientes diagnosticados con hemofilia, uno de los trastornos de la coagulación que se estima afecta a más de mil ecuatorianos, según los casos reportados.
Esta enfermedad se produce “por la falta de un ‘factor’ que permite la coagulación sanguínea; y puede ir desde un estado leve hasta uno grave dependiendo de cada paciente”, explica la hematóloga Johanna Rojas, parte del Hospital Metropolitano.
El día a día de una persona con hemofilia puede poner en riesgo su vida, sostiene la especialista; tanto el paciente como su círculo familiar más cercano -dice- deben tomar en cuenta las siguientes recomendaciones:
- Buscar un diagnóstico correcto y precoz.
El principal síntoma de la hemofilia es el sangrado excesivo que se produce al mínimo golpe, que no sana pronto y que puede presentarse -sobre todo- en articulaciones, piel, encías o nariz. Mientras más pronto se diagnostique, explica la doctora Rojas, será más fácil evitar que estos sangrados provoquen -por ejemplo- malformaciones en articulaciones. - Cuidados según el grado de hemofilia
Cuanto menos ‘factor’ de coagulación haya en el paciente, más grave será la hemofilia. En los casos moderados y graves, es fundamental –afirma la hematóloga- planificar las actividades diarias. Evitar ejercicios de impacto, actividades que supongan golpes o roces fuertes, excursiones y deportes de contacto personal es imprescindible. - En los niños, brindar otras opciones
Al perder espontaneidad, la vida de los niños con hemofilia puede volverse difícil de llevar. La especialista recomienda buscar su integración: darles opciones de juego que no supongan un contacto físico brusco; adecuar los espacios para reducir el riesgo de caídas o golpes; y educar al entorno del niño para que lo respeten y se entienda la enfermedad
. - Atención a las mujeres
En el 99% de los casos, la hemofilia A -la más común- es causada por un gen defectuoso que se hereda de la madre y que afecta sobre todo a los hombres. “Estas portadoras no son hemofílicas, pero pueden tener ‘factor’ de coagulación bajo y sufrir hemorragias”, indica la doctora Rojas. La recomendación es no mirar estos sangrados excesivos en las mujeres como algo normal y acudir al médico en busca de una explicación.
Controlar el Parkinson sí es posible
Un adecuado tratamiento del Parkinson, la enfermedad degenerativa que afecta a las neuronas productoras de dopamina en el cerebro, debe tomar en cuenta tres puntales o herramientas clave para hacer más lento el avance la enfermedad y mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente.
Al hablar de las terapias para hacer frente al Parkinson, “nosotros hablamos una mesa de tres patas”, sostiene la neuróloga clínica, Verónica Montilla.
En el primer puntal, que es el farmacológico, no hay novedad: “la levodopa es el medicamento que, en la sangre, se transforma en dopamina para sustituir la que no producen las neuronas afectadas y que es indispensable para dirigir y regular el movimiento, el estado de ánimo, el sueño, el hambre”.
La segunda pata es la quirúrgica; y es aquí donde hay dos terapias avanzadas que, según la doctora Montilla, permiten el control de los síntomas del Parkinson:
- La estimulación cerebral profunda o ‘deep brain stimulation’; un procedimiento que, dependiendo del paciente, disminuye el temblor, la rigidez o la lentitud motora. Funciona así:
- Se introducen en el cerebro cables de medio milímetro de grosor para avanzar a áreas profundas del cerebro -llamadas ‘ganglios de la base’- y, gracias al uso de una batería, enviar corriente eléctrica que sustituye el papel de la dopamina.
- Durante la cirugía, con el paciente despierto, se prueba la respuesta a la estimulación para determinar cuál es la correcta ubicación del electrodo que queda instalado en el cerebro.
- Luego de la cirugía, y pasados hasta 21 días, el resultado de la primera estimulación se estabiliza y el especialista enciende todo el sistema y modula la onda eléctrica.
- El ultrasonido focalizado de alta intensidad (HIFU) tiene la misma lógica del procedimiento anterior, pero no requiere una cirugía. La neuróloga lo explica:
- A través de un dispositivo o transductor se envían 1.024 haces de ultrasonido a una zona específica del cerebro, seleccionada por los especialistas que están guiados por una resonancia magnética de alta definición.
- En segundos, los haces convergen en esa zona y anulan al grupo de neuronas afectadas por el proceso degenerativo para reducir los síntomas de la enfermedad.
- Es una opción para pacientes con un Parkinson no agresivo, que mantengan afectado un solo lado del cuerpo; para pacientes de edad avanzada, o aquellos con arritmias cardiacas o con problemas de intolerancia a la anestesia.
Y en la tercera pata de lo que hoy se considera un efectivo tratamiento del Parkinson están, según la doctora Montilla, un conjunto de terapias que mejoran la calidad de vida del paciente: la física dirigida por expertos, la de lenguaje y la terapia cognitiva.
El ayuno intermitente, una opción para etapas iniciales de enfermedad renal crónica
La dieta es uno de los pilares en el manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica, afirma el nefrólogo Washington Osorio; y dentro de las opciones, el ‘ayuno intermitente’ -señala- funciona para pacientes en estadios iniciales o en riesgo de desarrollar la patología.
La diabetes tipo 2 y la hipertensión arterial son las primeras causas de daño renal; y a éstas se suman la obesidad, el tabaco, la mala alimentación y el uso de antiinflamatorios como factores de riesgo, según el especialista del Hospital Metropolitano.
Los primeros signos de una sobrecarga de trabajo en los riñones, asociada a la obesidad, se manifiestan a través de la presencia de espuma en la orina; “es lo que los nefrólogos llamamos proteinuria, o exceso de proteínas en orina, y es el inicio de la enfermedad”.
El ‘ayuno intermitente’, que consiste en alternar períodos de alimentación y de ayuno, permite disminuir esos niveles de proteína; junto con medicamentos apropiados, “el riesgo de llegar a la diálisis disminuye totalmente”.
Verificado el beneficio de este tipo de dieta, el doctor Osorio explica en qué casos y en qué condiciones puede un paciente acudir a ella:
- Siempre se debe partir de una evaluación médica. El nefrólogo o el médico clínico deben verificar que el paciente no tenga comorbilidades o patologías que impidan el ayuno intermitente; por ejemplo, un síndrome de mala absorción.
- Es necesario el acompañamiento del nutricionista. A través de un estudio llamado ‘bioimpedancia’, que arroja información sobre el estado de nutrición de la persona, su situación metabólica, nivel de hidratación, masa muscular y grasa, el especialista determina si el ayuno intermitente es o no adecuado para el paciente.
- En el proceso de manejo de la obesidad, se necesita un equipo multidisciplinario. El sicólogo, el endocrinólogo e, incluso, un deportólogo juegan roles importantes.
- El ayuno intermitente debe ser bien entendido. Durante las ocho horas en las que se puede ingerir comida, “no se puede comer lo que sea”, señala el nefrólogo; “siempre debe haber una alimentación balanceada”.
- Este tipo de dieta no es adecuada para pacientes en diálisis. En estos casos, el ayuno intermitente “puede causar desnutrición y empeorar el estado de salud de la persona provocando infecciones, neumonías y pérdida de masa muscular”.
- Está prohibido para niños, adolescentes, ancianos con fragilidad y embarazadas. Tampoco se recomienda, dice el especialista, a pacientes que atraviesan enfermedades crónicas con deterioro funcional o a quienes tienen comprometidos otros órganos en procesos degenerativos.
Seis consejos que previenen la obesidad infantil
La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y, en el Ecuador, el último estudio efectuado por la Pontificia Universidad Católica señala que el 36% de niños y niñas de entre 2 y 5 años de edad están obesos.
“Es alarmante”, afirma Diana Granda, pediatra del Hospital Metropolitano, quien aclara que un niño sufre de obesidad cuando “sobrepasa el peso máximo normal para su edad y se ubica sobre el percentil 95 -en el nivel más alto- del índice de masa corporal”.
Este índice, que se obtiene dividiendo el peso del niño en kilogramos para su talla en metros al cuadrado, es la manera más objetiva que utilizan los pediatras, dice la especialista, para demostrarles a los padres que su hijo o hija necesita ayuda.
¿Cómo prevenir la obesidad infantil y garantizar la salud de nuestros niños?; la doctora Granda identifica seis cuidados y hábitos para evitar el riesgo:
1. En los más pequeños, mantener la lactancia materna por el tiempo máximo posible. “Es fundamental porque tiene un factor protector contra la obesidad y evita, antes de los seis meses, la ingesta de sucedáneos de la leche -como coladas-, que no aportan a la nutrición”.
2. Acudir a los controles médicos periódicos. “Muchas veces los niños van creciendo y los papás los llevan a la consulta solo cuando enferman”; estos controles, resalta la pediatra, permiten evaluar peso, talla e índice de masa corporal para un diagnóstico temprano.
3. Promover una alimentación saludable. Proteínas, frutas, verduras y lácteos bajos en grasa (a partir de los dos años) deben incluirse en la dieta de los niños; hay que evitar alimentos ultra procesados, grasas trans -presentes en snacks-, embutidos, golosinas y comida rápida.
4. Controlar las porciones que comen los niños. La pediatra habla del ‘nutri plato’ con tres divisiones: la mitad debe contener ensalada; el otro cuarto, un carbohidrato; y el segundo cuarto, una proteína magra -es decir, sin grasa-.
5. Fomentar el consumo de agua. Los padres, dice la doctora Granda, “no deberían comprar bebidas gaseosas con azúcar o jugos que no son naturales; comer una fruta -no convertida en jugo- y luego tomar agua es lo más saludable para un niño”.
6. Promover el ejercicio físico. Jugar al aire libre, bailar o practicar algún deporte son opciones válidas, “pero siempre es mejor que el niño efectúe al menos 60 minutos diarios de ejercicio dirigido por un entrenador”; lo mínimo: 30 a 45 minutos tres veces a la semana.
En el esfuerzo por mantener a los niños sanos, los padres “deben predicar con el ejemplo”, sostiene la especialista. Llevar una dieta sana, realizar ejercicio físico y limitar el tiempo en pantallas –videojuegos, celular o televisión- deben formar parte de los hábitos y reglas de toda la familia.
Pielonefritis: ¿qué ocurre cuando la infección urinaria llega a los riñones?
De cada cien infecciones urinarias, unas cinco llegarán a la pielonefritis o inflamación del riñón; una enfermedad que, aunque poco usual, puede derivar en una insuficiencia renal si no recibe diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado.
Para entender qué provoca la pielonefritis, sus síntomas y formas de curarla, hay que distinguir entre la patología aguda y la crónica, explica Fernando Jiménez, nefrólogo del Hospital Metropolitano. De este modo varían entre una y otra:
PIELONEFRITIS AGUDA
- Se presenta cuando la infección supera ya las vías urinarias inferiores –vejiga, uretra o próstata en los hombres- y llega ya a los riñones.
- Las causas: puede provocarse por una infección bacteriana que ascendió de la vejiga al riñón; también por una transmisión desde otros sitios del organismo a través de la sangre, por un cálculo renal que obstruye la vía urinaria o por un reflujo de la orina.
- Los síntomas: dolor intenso en la región lumbar, generalmente en un solo lado; fiebre, mucho malestar general, escalofrío y, en ocasiones, vómito o diarrea. Puede o no haber síntomas urinarios como dolor o ardor al orinar.
PIELONEFRITIS CRÓNICA
- Es una inflamación de los riñones a muy largo plazo, que puede afectar a uno o ambos lados. El daño al tejido puede llegar a la insuficiencia renal.
- Las causas: la diabetes o el embarazo predisponen a esta inflamación crónica; también las obstrucciones de las vías urinarias, un sistema inmunológico deprimido o una lesión llamada reflujo que, en diabéticos o niños, impide evacuar la orina y la envía de vuelta al riñón.
- Los síntomas: los procesos crónicos pueden volverse muy agudos y generar un cuadro sumamente intenso.
En ambos casos, indica el doctor Jiménez, el paciente debe someterse a un estudio urológico para determinar la causa de la inflamación y a un cultivo de orina para identificar la bacteria a la que hay que atacar. La enfermedad se trata con antibióticos.
¿Se puede prevenir la pielonefritis?
: detrás de la posibilidad de evitar una inflamación del riñón, un cuadro más complejo que una infección de vías urinarias, están -según el nefrólogo- los siguientes hábitos:
- Tomar mucho líquido.
- Orinar con frecuencia.
- Chequeos médicos periódicos cuando hay problemas de próstata, infecciones urinarias repetitivas o cálculos renales.
- No automedicarse.
Los jóvenes y sus auriculares: ¡cuidado con el volumen!
¿Siente un pitido en el oído luego de escuchar música en alto volumen con auriculares?; ¿quizá se le está dificultando entender las conversaciones?; ¿o tal vez se da cuenta de que no es capaz de apreciar todos los tonos de una interpretación musical?
Todos son síntomas del daño auditivo que puede provocar el uso de auriculares, inalámbricos o no, a un volumen por encima de los 80 decibeles (en una discoteca, se registran alrededor de 100 decibeles), afirma el otorrinolaringólogo, Rodrigo Castrillón.
El especialista, parte del Hospital Metropolitano, explica qué sucede en el oído cuando, usualmente, los jóvenes se exponen a largas horas de música o videos, con auriculares a todo volumen y casi sin descanso:
- En el oído interno, se empiezan a dañar las células ciliadas -donde nace el nervio de la audición- y éstas no se regeneran.
- El pitido en el oído -llamado acúfeno- es una señal de advertencia; con los años, puede volverse permanente y no hay tratamiento para ello.
- Las células ciliadas están dispuestas en forma de caracol dentro del oído y las más expuestas al daño son aquellas que perciben los tonos agudos.
- No se presenta dolor, pero con el paso del tiempo los daños son irreversibles.
Además de regular los auriculares para no sobrepasar los 80 decibeles, que generalmente corresponden a la mitad del máximo volumen posible, el doctor Castrillón hace tres recomendaciones clave:
- Dejar que el oído descanse unos 15 minutos por cada 45 minutos de uso constante de auriculares.
- Si se usan auriculares cotidianamente, realizarse un examen auditivo anual.
- Acudir a un especialista si se presentan señales de daño auditivo.
La música, un gran aliado en el tratamiento del Parkinson
Roto el paradigma de que el Parkinson es una enfermedad exclusivamente motora, son varias las terapias complementarias que utilizan ahora los neurólogos para hacerle frente a una patología compleja cuyos síntomas van más allá de lo motriz.
La música destaca entre las opciones terapéuticas porque mejora la función cognitiva y la capacidad de adaptación del cerebro en el paciente con Parkinson, sostiene la neuróloga Verónica Montilla, parte del Hospital Metropolitano.
En el desarrollo de la enfermedad, un trastorno del movimiento provocado por la falta de producción de dopamina en las neuronas, “también hay un deterioro cognitivo frecuente”, señala la especialista, y la música tiene cuatro efectos positivos al usarse como terapia:
- Aprender una canción aumenta la capacidad funcional del cerebro y estimula la cognición; es decir, la plasticidad o “lo que nosotros en neurología denominamos ‘reserva cognitiva’”, explica la doctora Montilla.
- Escuchar música, y sobre todo la que prefiere el paciente, ayuda a la activación del ejercicio físico en personas con Parkinson; además de motivar las actividades del día a día.
- Utilizar el ‘tempo’ de la música -las pulsaciones por minuto en la interpretación de una pieza musical- facilita el desbloqueo de una actividad; es decir, el manejo del ‘bloqueo de la marcha’, uno de los síntomas del Parkinson a nivel motor.
- Bailar al ritmo de la música potencia el resultado terapéutico; “si se le pide al paciente que estudie una coreografía, por simple que sea, se estimula su cognición y plasticidad neuronal”, afirma la neuróloga.
En el grupo de terapias complementarias para tratar el Parkinson, indica la doctora Montilla, destacan también la logopedia -para el manejo de trastornos del lenguaje asociados a la medicación-; y la terapia neurocognitiva centrada en las capacidades afectadas.
La terapia ocupacional, que le permite al paciente y a sus cuidadores desenvolverse en el día a día en medio de las limitaciones que trae el Parkinson; y la práctica del ‘tai chi’, que involucra músculos, concentración, ritmo y respiración, se suman a las opciones.
En la batalla contra el Parkinson, subraya la especialista, “el paciente debe aprovechar la ventaja que la enfermedad le da al principio”; por ello, mientras más temprano se hagan uso de estas terapias, “la mejoría será mayor”.
¿Manchas en la piel? Conoce si podrían ser un carcinoma.
Si algo nuevo y diferente aparece en nuestra piel, es preferible acudir al médico sin dejar pasar meses o años, aunque lo que haya aparecido no cambie ni crezca mucho, no pique o sangre ni presente otros síntomas.
Esta la principal recomendación que hace Christian Burbano, dermatólogo del Hospital Metropolitano, para atajar a tiempo el cáncer de piel más común: el carcinoma.
¿Qué características tiene un carcinoma?
Cuando aparecen lesiones, manchas, lunares o granos en la piel, es importante estar atentos a ciertas características propias del carcinoma, sostiene el doctor Burbano. Así se presenta este tipo de cáncer:
- El carcinoma basocelular -el más frecuente- aparece generalmente como un grano de color pardo o de color perlado, que se confunde con un lunar y que tiene pequeñas líneas rojas llamadas telangiectasias. También puede presentarse como una pápula o bulto elevado que se ulcera, sangra y no sana.
- El carcinoma escamocelular –menos común- aparece como unas placas rojas o lesiones con descamación (pérdida de la capa más externa de la piel) que pueden crecer muy rápido o lento, que no pican y que, al igual que el carcinoma basocelular, evoluciona en meses o años.
¿Qué lo provoca?
“Las causas de este tipo de cáncer de piel están directamente relacionadas con la exposición al sol”, afirma el dermatólogo. En muy pocos casos la causa está en una predisposición familiar y su ubicación puede variar según el tipo de carcinoma:
- El basocelular puede aparecer en varias zonas del cuerpo, incluso en aquellas que no están demasiado expuestas al sol como -por ejemplo- detrás de las orejas. Sin embargo, es más común que se presente en la piel que recibe radiación solar.
- El escamocelular afecta exclusivamente a las áreas que reciben mayor radiación solar y es muy frecuente, afirma el doctor Burbano, en pacientes con pieles blancas o cabello rubio con lesiones dermatológicas previas.
Si el carcinoma se detecta a tiempo, dice el especialista, se utilizan procedimientos que dejan cicatrices muy pequeñas; y se evita que el cáncer avance en profundidad dentro de la piel.
Cuatro riesgos asociados al uso de lágrimas artificiales sin vigilancia médica
“Ante cualquier molestia en los ojos, la gente piensa que puede ser resequedad, va a la farmacia y compra lágrimas artificiales; desde ese momento se enfrenta a un riesgo, porque el paciente se automedica sin saber lo que le está pasando”.
Esta es la principal advertencia que realiza el oftalmólogo Andrés Rodríguez, parte del Hospital Metropolitano, al responder a la duda: ¿son las lágrimas artificiales un producto seguro o pueden generar efectos secundarios?
Este lubricante o sustituto lacrimal, afirma el médico, es efectivo para tratar el ‘ojo seco’: una enfermedad, dice el especialista, “muy común en nuestro medio debido a las condiciones ambientales y al excesivo uso de celulares y computadoras”.
Sin embargo, antes de optar por las lágrimas artificiales, el oftalmólogo recomienda tomar en cuenta cuatro riesgos asociados a su uso sin valoración médica:
- Las lágrimas artificiales pueden confundirse con colirios vasoconstrictores que contienen sustancias como la fenilefrina o la nafazolina. Si se utilizan los segundos, los ojos se resecarán más porque su efecto no es la lubricación.
- Hay lágrimas artificiales que contienen preservantes y éstos pueden ser nocivos para la superficie ocular cuando el uso es continuo; incluso, pueden derivar en conjuntivitis irritativa, conjuntivitis tóxica y queratitis o inflamación de la córnea.
- Las lágrimas artificiales deben utilizarse de acuerdo al tipo de resequedad ocular; no todos los casos son iguales y “pensar que este producto me sirve para todo no es bueno”, sostiene el doctor Rodríguez.
- Las lágrimas artificiales no resuelven, usualmente, todo el cuadro del paciente. Una completa valoración le permite al oftalmólogo descubrir enfermedades asociadas al ‘ojo seco’, condiciones alérgicas o cambios hormonales que pueden derivar en molestias oculares.
Ante síntomas como ardor, sensación de cuerpo extraño, lagrimeo y enrojecimiento, lo correcto es acudir al especialista. Y si no es posible por razones excepcionales, sostiene el oftalmólogo, “se pueden usar lágrimas artificiales sin preservantes” mientras se busca ayuda.
Ácido fólico, vitamina D, omega 3…; cuáles son los ‘súper alimentos’ en el embarazo
Luego de la emocionante noticia de un embarazo, una de las principales inquietudes de la pareja es la alimentación de la madre. ¿Qué debe o no debe comer? ¿Qué alimentos garantizan que el embrión se desarrolle y el bebé crezca sano hasta su nacimiento?
El doctor Danilo Salazar, ginecólogo del Hospital Metropolitano, comparte la lista de los ‘súper alimentos’ que debe incluir una mujer en su dieta cuando está embarazada; los llamamos así porque son los que tienen el ‘poder’ de asegurar el bienestar de madre e hijo:
ÁCIDO FÓLICO:
Se trata de la sustancia que actúa como el ‘motor’ de la acelerada reproducción celular que ocurre en el útero de la madre luego de la concepción.
Se encuentra en alimentos como las frutas y hojas verdes; y debido a la enorme actividad celular que exige un embarazo, siempre se suplementa.
La falta de ácido fólico está relacionada con malformaciones como el labio leporino y con retardo en el crecimiento del feto y su estructura.
VITAMINA D:
Es el componente que, además de garantizar el metabolismo óseo del bebé, contribuye en la formación adecuada de su sistema inmunológico y actúa en la protección de su sistema nervioso.
Se encuentra en frutas ácidas, hojas verdes y granos.
Su nivel se mide durante el embarazo y, como es de difícil absorción, generalmente se suplementa utilizando vitamina D3, el compuesto que la activa en el organismo.
MINERALES:
Hierro y calcio son sumamente necesarios en la alimentación de una mujer embarazada; el hierro evita la anemia asociada a la gestación y el calcio garantiza la correcta formación ósea del bebé.
La principal fuente de hierro son los vegetales y hojas verdes como brócoli, espinaca y acelga; si hay algún déficit se pueden comer vísceras como el hígado.
Para un correcto nivel de calcio, el ginecólogo recomienda los derivados de la leche y granos, especialmente el chocho; a partir de la semana 18 o 20 de gestación, se suplementa.
PROTEÍNAS Y OMEGA 3:
Son alimentos que no es necesario suplementar porque se encuentran en buenas cantidades dentro de una dieta equilibrada.
Las proteínas no se pueden dejar de consumir durante el embarazo y las de origen animal son las más recomendadas; su déficit puede afectar el desarrollo del bebé. Si la madre no consume carne, unos buenos aliados son la berenjena, el zuquini y los granos.
El omega 3 está en pescados y aguacate. La única restricción: evitar peces grandes -atún, róbalo, pez espada- durante el primer trimestre y comerlos, después, una vez a la semana.
Problemas de sueño, dolor de cabeza, irritabilidad: qué hacer con el estrés que traen la Navidad y el Fin de Año
Los estudios demuestran que seis de cada diez personas sufren un estado de tensión física y emocional cuando se aproximan las fiestas de Navidad y fin de año, afirma Adriana Oñate, psicóloga del Hospital Metropolitano, quien evidencia este dato cada año en su consulta.
Los síntomas asociados a esa tensión, explica, son generalmente una sensación de agobio, mayor irritabilidad y ansiedad, y una dificultad para sobrellevar las situaciones propias de la temporada.
Y aunque los factores que provocan este estado de ánimo -acompañado probablemente de insomnio, dolor de cabeza o problemas estomacales- dependen de cada persona, estos son los más comunes:
- Al finalizar el año, las personas entran en una etapa de balance que no siempre lleva a pensamientos positivos.
- Las fiestas están asociadas a reunión familiar y encuentro con amigos, pero esta imagen no siempre se vuelve realidad.
- La situación económica personal o familiar afecta el ánimo si las expectativas no se ajustan a los recursos disponibles.
¿Qué hacer ante la ansiedad que provocan las celebraciones?
Seis recomendaciones para enfrentar la ansiedad y el estrés que pueden provocar estas festividades nos deja la doctora Oñate:
- Todo cambia en la vida y hay que aceptarlo: “si la Navidad anterior fue ‘perfecta’, no tiene por qué ser igual este diciembre y no hay nada de malo si es diferente”.
- Tratar de regular los gastos. Si hay dificultades económicas, es preferible quizá enfocarse en los regalos de los niños.
- Moderación y equilibrio. Es importante, dice la sicóloga, evitar los excesos y balancear las reuniones con el descanso y el ejercicio físico.
- Ejercicios de respiración. Es una herramienta práctica para bajar el estrés y evitar mecanismos negativos como el auto aislamiento o los excesos en comida y alcohol.
- Tomarse tiempo para uno mismo. Aprovechar los días de vacación para caminar, leer un libro o recibir un masaje traerá tranquilidad.
- Recordar qué es lo importante. Practicar la gratitud en reuniones donde el foco no esté en lo material, sin verse obligado a aceptar todas las invitaciones, es positivo.
Las situaciones pueden ser complejas y más difíciles en comparación con años anteriores; por ello, insiste la especialista, “hay que acoplarse pensando que la vida es cíclica”.
¿Dolor en las articulaciones? conozca quién diagnóstica la artritis
“Si usted tiene dolor e inflamación de articulaciones sin haberse golpeado, pida una consulta con el reumatólogo”, señala enfática la doctora Marilú Mestanza, parte del cuerpo médico del Hospital Metropolitano y reumatóloga especializada.
Derivada del griego, la palabra artritis quiere decir ‘inflamación articular’ y éste es el síntoma de varias enfermedades reumáticas de origen autoinmune; entre ellas, la artritis reumatoide, la espondilitis anquilosante, el lupus eritematoso y el síndrome de Sjögren.
El reumatólogo es el médico capacitado para diagnosticar y “ponerle nombre y apellido preciso” a la artritis del paciente; “determinar -explica la especialista- si se trata de una artritis reumatoide o si es otro tipo de enfermedad que debutó -o se expresó- como una inflamación articular”.
Para la doctora Mestanza, las razones por las que un paciente con este síntoma o dolencia debe acudir a un reumatólogo son varias y todas están relacionadas con un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento:
- Si el diagnóstico se da durante el primer año de la enfermedad, “podemos detener la artritis y lograr que el paciente viva sin ella”, señala la reumatóloga. Pasada esta ventana de oportunidad, la patología se establece y exige un tratamiento agresivo y constante.
- El reumatólogo sabe que, una vez definido el diagnóstico, es imprescindible iniciar el tratamiento. Actualmente, hay medicamentos específicos para cada enfermedad reumática.
- El tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide no puede limitarse a un antiinflamatorio que disminuya el dolor; “se necesita un medicamento que detenga la artritis, es decir un antirreumático” que debe suministrarse según cada caso.
- El tiempo que ha evolucionado la enfermedad, la forma cómo apareció y el grado de movilidad del paciente determinan el tratamiento. “No todos son candidatos a usar corticoides”; pero si una persona llega muy incapacitada, “hay que ser más agresivos”.
- La terapia biológica es una gran aliada que hay que saber manejar. Si han pasado tres meses desde el inicio de tratamiento y el paciente no está en remisión, “tenemos que cambiar a estos medicamentos” que bloquean las sustancias inflamatorias y evitan que la articulación se dañe.
No hay una causa detrás de la artritis reumatoide; “en enfermedades autoinmunes, siempre hablamos de predisposición genética”, afirma la doctora Mestanza. Y aunque la patología no se revierte, es posible detenerla para evitar el daño de articulaciones y la incapacidad física del paciente.
Gripe, virus agresivos y neumonía: conozca cómo diferenciarlas para actuar a tiempo
Aunque la gripe común, los virus más agresivos y la neumonía pueden en su inicio compartir síntomas, confundiendo al paciente y su familia, saber diferenciarlos, o al menos sospechar de la primera impresión, puede ser cuestión de vida o muerte.
Malestar general y fiebre son bastante comunes en los tres casos, explica el neumólogo Eduardo Larrea, parte del Hospital Metropolitano; sin embargo, a medida que evoluciona el cuadro, al segundo o tercer día, empiezan claramente a diferenciarse.
Para el especialista, estas son las señales o síntomas que permiten identificar cada una de estas enfermedades o que lanzan alertas para tomar decisiones a tiempo:
Gripe común
- Va acompañada en algunos casos de dolor de garganta y catarro nasal.
- Con analgésicos -como el paracetamol- o antiinflamatorios, el paciente supera la enfermedad.
- Evoluciona en corto tiempo: dos o tres días.
- Está provocada por virus menos agresivos como el rinovirus o el adenovirus.
Covid e influenza
- Los síntomas son más agresivos porque son otros los virus que atacan al organismo.
- Al tercer día de iniciados los síntomas, el paciente está decaído, sigue con fiebre y tiene dificultad respiratoria.
- Estos virus pueden derivar en neumonía: al ingresar el virus a la sangre, en un paciente no vacunado, comienza a alimentarse de nuestro código genético y avanza hasta los pulmones.
Neumonía
- Hay escalofrío, debilidad, fiebre y tos con flema; ésta es primero amarillenta y, a partir de la tercera semana, si no hay tratamiento, es rojiza debido a la inflamación pulmonar. La respiración puede volverse dolorosa.
- El proceso de una neumonía toma cuatro semanas, pero se acorta con antibióticos.
- Está provocada por bacterias, generalmente por neumococo.
“No podemos confiar y decir: ya me ha de pasar”, afirma el doctor Larrea. Ante los primeros síntomas, es preferible -insiste- pagar por una prueba, más accesible luego de la pandemia; utilizar mascarilla en lugares públicos y estar atentos a su evolución para acudir al especialista a tiempo.
Alopecia o pérdida de cabello: respuesta a las dudas más frecuentes
La alopecia o pérdida excesiva de cabello afecta a hombres y mujeres, a niños y niñas, y la probabilidad de que su tratamiento sea exitoso depende, sobre todo, de su origen y del tiempo que se haya dejado pasar entre los primeros síntomas y la visita al especialista.
Carmen Elena Sánchez, dermatóloga del Hospital Metropolitano, responde a las inquietudes más comunes alrededor de esta patología que impacta, casi siempre, en la autoestima del paciente.
¿Cuáles son las causas de la alopecia?
La primera es la herencia: la escala de Ludwig permite medir si la alopecia androgénica se encuentra en etapa inicial, intermedia o avanzada, y dependiendo de ello, se decide el tratamiento. Entre las causas, también están enfermedades como la anemia, la falta de vitamina D, el hipertiroidismo, la dermatitis seborreica y deficiencias nutricionales.
En la alopecia, ¿el factor genético pesa más en hombres que en mujeres?
Sí. Cuando existe un factor hereditario marcado, es importante empezar a estimular el crecimiento del cabello lo antes posible. Retrasar la pérdida que, en algún momento, se va a dar por genética.
¿Existen tipos de alopecia?
Sí. Está la alopecia areata, que provoca pérdida de cabello en zonas pequeñas, en forma de moneda; también la frontal fibrosante, con caída en forma de diadema. Hay una alopecia triangular que afecta a los bebés en zonas donde no vuelve a salir pelo; y una foliculitis que inflama y destruye los folículos pilosos -hay cicatrices- provocando calvicie irreversible.
¿Cuáles son los tratamientos disponibles para la alopecia?
Cuando tiene origen genético y es de tipo areata, empezamos con minoxidil tópico, en cantidades distintas para adultos y niños -también puede ser vía oral-, y con finasterida, que evita la caída del pelo. En la alopecia frontal, estimulamos primero los folículos con micro punciones de productos que favorecen el crecimiento o de plasma rico en plaquetas; también se utiliza luz láser con este objetivo.
¿Qué porcentaje de efectividad tienen los tratamientos para la alopecia?
Entre 40% y 50% de manera general; el resultado se observa al cuarto o quinto mes. Pero hay casos en los que, pese a la estimulación, los folículos no responden; ahí, tenemos que descartar el liquen plano pilar: una inflamación que destruye los folículos y que responde bien a los corticoides.
¿Cuándo el trasplante de cabello es la única solución a la alopecia?
Cuando no hay actividad folicular en el paciente; si veo un folículo piloso que tiene solo pelusas y no encuentro folículos con dos o tres pelos, que es lo normal, se recomienda un trasplante.
Para el prematuro, una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos es garantía de bienestar
La tecnología, el nivel de especialización y el equipo de profesionales son determinantes en la atención que recibe un bebé prematuro; y solo una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales bien conformada garantiza que los tres estén a punto para enfrentar el desafío.
“El prematuro va a necesitar este tipo de Unidad siempre lista”, sostiene Édgar Jara, neonatólogo del Hospital Metropolitano. Su ingreso depende de una valoración de su edad gestacional y su desarrollo.
¿Qué ocurre dentro de esta Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos? El especialista explica cuál es la tecnología y los procedimientos que están en juego:
1. RESPIRACIÓN
“Lo primero es valorar el estado respiratorio del prematuro para, según la maduración del pulmón, ofrecerle un apoyo que puede ir desde oxígeno -a través de una cánula- hasta una intubación con soporte ventilatorio”, afirma el neonatólogo.
La Unidad del Hospital Metropolitano ya sustituye el ventilador mecánico tradicional -que puede dañar el pulmón- por una tecnología no invasiva. “Se coloca una sonda hasta el diafragma; el ventilador detecta su movimiento y se acopla a la ventilación del niño”.
2. CIRCULACIÓN
El segundo paso es revisar el corazón del bebé; determinar si su sistema circulatorio ha alcanzado la maduración necesaria y si se ha adaptado o no al ambiente extra uterino.
La falta de oxígeno o hipoxia puede dañar el cerebro de un recién nacido, provocar retraso en su maduración e, incluso, hemorragias. A largo plazo, hay riesgo de déficits neurológicos.
2. NUTRICIÓN
Se procede, entonces, a comprobar si el bebé es capaz de alimentarse: succionar, respirar y tragar. Si no ha alcanzado esta maduración, se lo alimenta por una sonda que deja caer la lecha materna o de fórmula directo en el estómago.
Y si el estómago no tolera aún el alimento, se inicia la nutrición intravenosa. Un bebé prematuro debe ser alimentado lo más pronto posible para garantizar el desarrollo de su cerebro y, por tanto, de todas sus habilidades.
En el control de la diabetes, la medicina no lo es todo
Los hábitos y el estilo de vida que llevamos no son únicamente los factores que incrementan el riesgo de desarrollar una diabetes tipo 2; son, también, desde el otro lado de la moneda, las herramientas que nos permitirán, sino prevenir la enfermedad, tenerla controlada.
Si bien la diabetes tiene un alto componente hereditario, recalca Raúl Jervis, endocrinólogo del Hospital Metropolitano, “se trata de una enfermedad que está influida por hábitos: surge cuando hay obesidad y sedentarismo”.
Y si surge, son también los hábitos los que permitirán -además de la medicación- alcanzar un tratamiento exitoso. ¿Cómo nuestro estilo de vida puede ayudarnos a controlar la diabetes?; el doctor Jervis ofrece cinco consejos clave:
- Llevar una dieta equilibrada, que incluya un consumo moderado de hidratos de carbono, proteínas y grasas y que elimine el consumo de dulces y azúcares.
- Tener cuidado con la panela y la miel porque sí contienen glucosa; y con las bebidas edulcoradas porque influyen en un mayor sobrepeso y una menor calidad de nutrientes.
- Realizar actividad física regular ; incluir ejercicios de impacto cardiovascular y, en adultos de la tercera edad, al menos la caminata.
- Reducir el consumo de alcohol y eliminar el de tabaco.
- Descansar adecuadamente y evitar el estrés.
Un estilo de vida saludable, señala el endocrinólogo, garantiza dos cosas: si la diabetes es incipiente, ésta puede “mantenerse dormida” y no necesitar medicación al menos por un tiempo; y si el paciente requiere ya medicamentos, los buenos hábitos reducirán la cantidad de fármacos necesarios.
“Un tratamiento de diabetes sin un adecuado estilo de vida nunca va a funcionar”, concluye el especialista.
Mammography, the star test for breast cancer detection
Mammography is the only imaging study that is effective in reducing breast cancer mortality : every year, between 30% and 40% of women's lives are saved thanks to early detection through this test, says oncologist Iván Maldonado.
But to get the most out of this breast X-ray, we need to know five key medical facts, including, says the specialist, the technological advances that are accompanying mammography for more accurate results:
- THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MAMMOGRAPHY. Screening mammography , which includes only two projections of the breasts and is performed on healthy women; and diagnostic mammography , which is applied to patients with symptoms or signs regardless of age and includes several projections, compressions and magnifications.
- FROM AGE 40, EVERY YEAR. Based on the incidence of breast cancer, the American College of Radiology determines that every woman from age 40 onwards should have an annual mammogram. Until what age?: As long as she has a good life expectancy, says the oncologist.
- BEFORE AGE 40 WHEN THE RISK INCREASES. Family history and genetic mutations (in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes) increase the average risk of breast cancer; in these cases, screening mammograms begin ten years before the age at which the family member became ill and are interspersed with an MRI.
- MAMMOGRAPHY REQUIRES PROPER REPORTING. The radiologist should include in his or her report a BI-RADS category , which is the standardized system for describing the results of a mammogram and ranges from 0 to 6. Category zero means that there is no conclusion because the breasts are dense and an ultrasound will be needed; one and two indicate that the breast is normal or that the findings are benign, respectively; a BI-RADS 3 indicates that the findings are probably benign and follow-up is required; categories four and five indicate that malignancy is suspected; and six indicates that cancer is present.
- TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES. Today's mammograms are digital, with more efficient and sensitive detectors; technology also allows for 3D mammograms - reconstructions of the breast for greater sensitivity - and contrast mammograms to check tumor behavior. The latest: mammogram readings with equipment that has artificial intelligence to recognize possibly abnormal patterns .
“Women should not be afraid of a mammogram, thinking that there may be risks or adverse effects,” says Dr. Maldonado. The exam is safe, the radiation is minimal, and the process is becoming less bothersome and painful.
Skin lesions: how to suspect psoriasis
The most common mistake among patients suffering from psoriasis is self-medication: when they see that their skin is affected, they go to the pharmacy and generally receive a cream with antifungals, antibiotics and corticosteroids to treat what is supposedly a fungus.
This is what Marcela Noboa, a dermatologist at the Metropolitan Hospital, says. For her, an accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential to control this disease, which has no cure as it is caused by a failure of the immune system or the patient's genetics.
How to differentiate psoriasis from other skin conditions? The dermatologist describes how this pathology behaves; if we take this into account, we will immediately seek medical help:
- Vulgar psoriasis, the most common, manifests as plaques or crusts with a white or greyish surface , which peel off and only in certain cases cause itching.
- Scabs or plaques appear on the elbows, knees, abdomen, lower spine , and even on the scalp.
- The scab, which is thick and may be red, is formed by an accelerated turnover of cells: instead of occurring every 28 to 30 days, which is normal, it occurs every 14 days.
- Psoriasis is not painful for the patient and its characteristic scabs do not fall off, they are attached to the skin.
- There are less common types of psoriasis with drop-shaped lesions, associated with bacteria, or which appear in folds such as the armpits and groin. Other types can affect the nails as if it were a fungus or appear on the hands and feet.
- Factors such as stress, tobacco and alcohol worsen the condition.
- It is a cyclical disease: it improves with treatment - hydration, corticosteroid cream, medication and even phototherapy - but its signs reappear.
Dr. Noboa warns: psoriasis requires medical management. Without treatment, it can progress to affect other areas of the skin, the joints of the hands and, eventually, other organs.
How to take advantage of coffee to prevent type 2 diabetes?
With supporters and detractors in perhaps equal proportions, coffee consumption has been scrutinized by science and its benefits in preventing type 2 diabetes, the most common type among the population, have been demonstrated.
How does coffee act against the factors that intervene in these diseases? Endocrinologist Karina Aguirre, part of the Metropolitan Hospital, explains the beneficial effects of caffeine and phytochemicals contained in this ancient fruit turned into a drink:
- Caffeine promotes weight loss because research shows that its consumption reduces appetite and provides a feeling of greater satiety.
- Phytochemicals (chlorogenic acid being the best known) have an antioxidant effect that helps prevent the early death of the beta cell, responsible for producing insulin in the pancreas.
- At the liver level, phytochemicals allow for better management of the lipids or fats we consume by facilitating their oxidation; thus, they even prevent fatty liver and cirrhosis.
According to the specialist, it has been proven that coffee, with or without caffeine, reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by almost 27%. However, she stresses that there is no point in consuming coffee if you have a diet high in carbohydrates and saturated fats and do not exercise.
This is how coffee should be consumed to obtain its benefits and at the same time avoid, according to Dr. Aguirre, the harmful effects of excessive consumption:
- The beneficial dose fluctuates from three to five cups daily, depending on the concentration of the coffee.
- Avoid coffee after two in the afternoon, as it can cause sleep problems or anxiety, and also avoid drinking it in frequent doses. It is better to space out one cup after another.
- Drink coffee without sugar to avoid the counterproductive effect.
- It is better if the coffee is filtered and fresh, as natural as possible; if it is soluble, it should be freeze-dried and if it is decaffeinated, it should be by washing and not by chemical extraction.
The message, Dr. Aguirre stresses, is clear: “If you are already a regular coffee drinker, don't stop; it is not bad and in fact has many benefits if accompanied by good habits.”
Three signs and changes that warn of possible Alzheimer's
Science has shown that Alzheimer's is a disease that begins many years before it can be diagnosed, when changes begin to occur in brain tissue, some evolving for more than two decades, says neurologist Eduardo Castro of Metropolitan Hospital.
And although there are specific tests that can identify the presence of the two proteins associated with Alzheimer's (amyloid and tau) in the brain, these procedures are reserved for ethical reasons for young patients with symptoms, for atypical cases or for pharmacological research.
It is therefore essential to be alert to the first signs of possible Alzheimer's, when cognitive deterioration is minimal or when behaviour is just beginning to change and the patient's social function is not yet compromised nor are there major repercussions on their daily life.
What are the early signs of Alzheimer's?
There are three warning signs of the disease that should not be ignored, explains Dr. Castro:
- Changes in speech. The patient cannot find words or loses grammatical ability to create sentences.
- Disturbance of recent memory and autobiographical memory. The person does not remember specific events from his or her daily life and forgets important biographical events.
- Dramatic changes in behaviour. The neurologist gives some examples: “a calm person starts to be abnormally jealous of his partner; or he becomes an exhibitionist or a gambler, loses inhibition and attacks other people.”
What activities reduce the risk or delay Alzheimer's?
- Taking care of cardiovascular factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose, as well as doing regular physical activity, avoiding being overweight and not smoking is the 'recipe' that can reduce the risk of suffering from Alzheimer's or delay its onset.
- Education is also added to this list, which determines the patient's cognitive reserve . "A person who has had little education deteriorates rapidly once the disease appears; someone with a good reserve of knowledge survives for many more years."
- In cases of early Alzheimer's, it has been shown that cognitive training such as socializing, conversation, exchanging ideas, physical activity and a healthy diet contribute to a less aggressive progression of the disease.
Lymphoma: five parts of our body where it can occur
To understand what lymphoma or lymphatic cancer is, it is necessary to first explain how the lymphatic system works: that network where our body's defenses are found, which act to protect us from diseases.
The lymphatic system, which runs through much of the body, is made up of nodes that are interconnected and become inflamed when they act as 'battlefields' where our defenses fight the disease, explains Dr. Marcela Zamora, a hematologist at the Metropolitan Hospital.
The most palpable lymph nodes in cases of infection are those in the neck, armpits and groin (crotch); however, through examination, the lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen or tracheal carina, which is where the trachea divides into the left and right bronchi, can be identified.
There are five organs that are also part of the lymphatic system and where, due to an alteration in DNA, cells can begin to multiply uncontrollably, causing lymphoma:
- The tonsils. The hematologist describes them as our first barrier of protection for both the digestive and respiratory tracts.
- The thymus. Located between the sternum and the heart, it is a very active organ in childhood that has an immunological function as it is part of the lymphatic system.
- The spleen. Filters the blood to remove damaged red blood cells and produces lymphocytes (white blood cells); it is located below the ribs on the left side.
- Bone marrow. When the lymphatic alteration has reached this part of the body, which is the blood factory, it is generally a very advanced lymphoma.
- The intestine. The tissues called MALT found in this part of the body are lymphatic; therefore, there may be intestinal or gastric lymphomas.
Although tumors can form anywhere in the lymphatic system, “most cases of lymphoma occur in the lymph nodes and the first thing we see is an increase in their size,” says the specialist.
The location of the lymphoma does not determine its complexity or risk. The treatment is non-surgical, meaning it is not necessary to remove the inflamed organ or structure; the therapy is systemic (administration of substances into the blood) and will depend on the type of tumor, not its size.
You may be interested in our Hematology service
Do you suffer from migraines? The reason may be stress or depression
That headache that incapacitates us, that isolates us, that does not allow us to enjoy daily life, and that is known as migraine, can be at the same time the cause and the effect of stress, depression and anxiety.
It is a two-way relationship that, according to clinical psychologist Monserrate Mejía from the Metropolitan Hospital, works like this: “People with migraines are more likely to develop depression and anxiety because pain deteriorates their quality of life; while depression, prolonged or acute stress, and anxiety favor the development of migraines.”
There are even cases in which an “anticipatory anxiety” generated by the fear of a migraine occurring ends up causing the unbearable headache and the anxiety only ends up increasing.
How to break the cycle? Dealing with this pathology requires the participation of several specialists; and this is the roadmap that they recommend we follow:
- See a neurologist to rule out whether the migraine is caused by an organic or physiological condition.
- If a neurological diagnosis is ruled out, psychology comes into play. A first step is to record the moments when the migraine occurs to determine its trigger.
- In the process of psychotherapy, it is key to get to the bottom of things: what is causing anxiety in the patient, why they are experiencing such acute stress, what is behind the depression.
- When the bottom line is reached, and with the correct diagnosis, an appropriate treatment can be defined for each migraine patient.
- Within therapy, tools such as 'mindfulness' can be used, which are breathing and meditation exercises.
- If major depression or an anxiety disorder is behind the migraines, psychiatric support is necessary.
You may be interested in our Psychology service
Dr. Mejia insists: “If you have frequent headaches and if those pains are interfering with an adequate quality of life, seek help.”
You may be interested in our Neurology service
Three simple steps for perfect skin care
Who doesn't want to have a face with healthy, hydrated skin, free of annoying pimples or, even worse, spots, pigmentation caused by excessive sun exposure or lesions left by acne.
To achieve this, you don't need sophisticated and expensive products. A good skin care routine requires three basic steps, as indicated by dermatologist Marcela Noboa, from the Metropolitan Hospital:
1. Cleaning
- Facial cleansing should be done in the morning and at night, every day.
- The first step is to cleanse your face with micellar water, which helps remove impurities or small particles from the skin.
- Second, lather the skin with gentle massages and rinse with plenty of water:
- For dry skin: a soap without a sebum-regulating effect or a soap substitute.
- For oily or combination skin: a soap that controls excessive oil production (sebum regulator) to prevent pores from becoming clogged.
2. Hydration
- It should be done twice a day after cleansing the face. It is recommended to use moisturizing masks, serums and cream or gel, in that order.
- Moisturizing masks are applied to the skin, left to act for a few minutes, and then removed. Their purpose is to care for the skin's lipid layer (natural emulsion) and tone it.
- For very oily skin , as a second step, you can use a toner or astringent to remove particles that were not removed with the soap. And third, a moisturizing serum.
- For dry skin , after the mask, you can apply a moisturizing serum that also repairs. There are serums containing vitamin C (antioxidant and powerful regenerator), hyaluronic acid (powerful moisturizer), retinoic acid or niacinamide (special for acne) and glycolic acid (with a constant exfoliating effect).
- The last step is the application of moisturizing cream for dry skin and moisturizing gel for oily skin.
- At night, you can apply the cream or gel directly after washing your face with soap.
3. Sunscreen
- Sunscreen or sunblock should be applied three times a day: at 9:00, at 12:00 and at 15:00, the dermatologist recommends.
- It is chosen according to the skin type.
- For dry skin, the cream sunscreen that also moisturizes and protects the skin.
- For combination or oily skin, a liquid, gel or lotion sunscreen.
You should always use sunscreen, even if you are not exposed to the sun or the day is cloudy.
To get the most out of this skin care routine, Dr. Noboa recommends, first, identifying the type of skin on your face through a visit to a specialist; second, not using what appears in videos or social media ads; and third, leading a healthy lifestyle.
You might be interested in our Dermatology service
The four 'almost vitamins' that science is still studying
Just as it was the case with vitamin D a few years ago, when its function in our body had not yet been clearly demonstrated, medical science continues to investigate four 'almost vitamins' whose role and importance have yet to be clarified.
They are also called 'paravitamins' or unknown vitamins. According to Daniel Castillo, an internist at the Metropolitan Hospital, they share three characteristics:
- The exact consequences of its deficiency are unknown.
- Neither its deficiency nor its excess in the body is common.
- Generally, their role is not decisive, at least as far as has been demonstrated today.
The specialist details what these four 'paravitamins' are, which are not part of the established medical consensus and which our body obtains mainly from a healthy diet and lifestyle:
1. Coenzyme Q10
Some inconclusive studies indicate that it improves heart function when heart failure occurs; that it generally reduces muscle pain, particularly that caused by statins (cholesterol drugs).
Although its use as a supplement is normalized, warns Dr. Castillo, "one must be careful because it can alter coagulation in patients who take anticoagulants and have gastrointestinal effects."
Where is it found? In meat, especially viscera; in sardines and soybean oil.
2. Inositol
It is a form of vitamin B3; it is given together with medication, in treatments for triglycerides and altered cholesterol. It helps to reduce plaque or fatty buildup that affects the arteries in cases of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
Where is it found? In beans, peas, wheat bran and nuts.
3. Flavonoids
Previously known as vitamin P, because it was seen to improve the permeability of blood vessels, they have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antioxidant effects.
Where are they found? In vegetables, citrus fruits, cocoa and black grapes.
4. Hill
Studies show its usefulness in cases of memory impairment and in the treatment of depression, anxiety attacks or panic attacks.
Where is it found? In meats, eggs, chicken and dairy products.
The doctor makes an important recommendation: to consume these 'paravitamins' in the form of supplements, beyond an adequate diet, you should consult a specialist.
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Learn all about JCI accreditation: our seal of quality
When Metropolitan Hospital talks about its international standards of quality and patient safety, “it can demonstrate it and present evidence,” says Mónica Lana, Director of Operations and Quality.
Having this capacity is the reason why the Hospital has been accredited since 2011, and for five consecutive times, with the seal of approval of the Joint Commission International (JCI), the independent body that certifies hospital quality worldwide, he added.
Mónica Lana explains the scope of this accreditation and its importance for the patient.
What is JCI and what is its purpose?
The Joint Commission International (JCI) is a commission of health professionals, including doctors, nurses, hospital administrators, risk and safety experts, which has established, since the 1990s, standards of quality and patient safety with which hospitals around the world are accredited. Outside the United States, where accreditation is not mandatory, hospitals that join the Commission do so voluntarily in the effort to be the best.
Why is it important to have this accreditation?
Metropolitan Hospital was founded in 1985 with a vision and mission always focused on providing high-quality health services, as it was conceptualized under North American standards that marked our line of action, which allowed us to learn about these measurable tools and implement them over time. Thus, in 2011, we were certified for the first time with the JCI to offer patients that what we say about our quality is legitimate.
How does JCI accreditation benefit Metropolitan Hospital?
It allows us to have the best practices at an international level; our patients can feel safe and receive the best possible care. Our entire team of doctors, nurses and technologists have adjusted to these standards, thus decreasing the likelihood of errors, contributing to a speedy recovery and minimizing all possible complications.
What elements are measured and how many are there?
JCI has defined 277 quality standards, and there are 1,177 elements that can be measured. We regulate and measure everything we do, and metrics allow us to make corrections, learn, and not repeat mistakes in a very complex environment: health management. The greatest impacts of accreditation are in the medical field.
Can you give us some examples?
At the Metropolitan Hospital, protocols for the management of diseases are applied that are described by medical societies worldwide; this allows the result to be the same regardless of the doctor who treats the patient. In all surgeries, risks are measured: who had complications, why, and how to avoid them in the future.
For example, when a patient with chest pain is admitted to the emergency room, the standard establishes that no more than 10 minutes should pass from the time he or she arrives at the hospital until an electrocardiogram is performed to rule out a heart attack. In another case, in pediatrics, we measure the misuse of antibiotics; we also measure the 'white appendixes', that is, the appendix is analyzed to rule out unnecessary extractions or surgeries.
What does it mean for the patient that these standards or requirements are met?
Safety. For example, the patient can be sure that he or she is receiving the appropriate treatment and medication; that is why we measure the administration of medications: dose, time, frequency, level of pain. And we carry out 'medication reconciliation' to verify the medications that the patient takes when entering the Hospital and to avoid interaction with other drugs.
What improvements have been implemented in the Hospital since the last accreditation?
To mention a few improvements, we are constantly implementing changes, for example, some of them are: if we have a patient with suicidal thoughts, we must remove from their physical environment anything that they could self-harm with and offer them a more controlled room for this type of risk.

We are also installing alarm bells in public bathrooms, and we have centralized all the medications supplied by the Outpatient Respiratory Therapy Unit in our pharmacy to ensure that the medication and the prescribed dosage are appropriate.
Facial yoga: our face also needs to exercise
A new exercise routine currently appears as an effective tool that helps slow the aging of facial skin and keep it in shape: facial yoga.
What is it and what does it consist of? Facial yoga is a set of exercises that stimulate and tone the different muscles of our face, while improving the condition and appearance of the skin, explains dermatologist Christian Burbano, part of the Metropolitan Hospital.
Like the muscles of the body, those found in the face need exercise to prevent them from losing consistency and becoming flaccid more quickly. Through a facial yoga routine, explains the specialist, the following benefits are obtained:
- The muscles of the face are toned.
- By stimulating the muscles, better lymphatic drainage and greater blood flow are achieved, which oxygenate and nourish the skin.
- The effect of collagen and elastin is stimulated, which improves elasticity and firmness.
Facial yoga is not a 'magic wand' that acts on its own. It should be accompanied by good hydration, with creams, hyaluronic acid, vitamins C and E, and sun protection. Depending on the case, laser treatment could be performed to firm the skin and alternatives such as botulinum toxin.
To start practicing it, Dr. Burbano suggests searching on the internet for a routine that covers the muscles around the eyes, the frontal muscles where the eyebrows are located, and the nasolabial muscles (between the nose and mouth).
The estimated time for this routine is 20 to 25 minutes a day, regardless of the age at which you start; about five times a week; previously hydrating the skin and consistently. Thus facial yoga can be effective.
The eight strangest myths about breastfeeding
After childbirth, breastfeeding is the moment that generates the greatest expectations in the mother. The excitement of feeding the baby with its own milk can often be accompanied by doubts and fears.
These are eight myths that, although less common, still reach the ears of breastfeeding mothers. Pediatrician Patricia Vásquez from the Metropolitan Hospital clarifies:
1. Physical exercise will affect the taste of your milk.
There is no relationship between physical exercise and the taste of breast milk. Rather, moderate exercise is positive for the mother's health and should be promoted. Some women think that the production of lactic acid, a result of strenuous physical exercise, can change the taste of their milk and affect the baby. Is not true.
2. If I eat gas-producing foods like grains, cauliflower, and others, I will pass the gas to my baby.
No studies suggest this possibility. These types of foods cause more gas only in the mother's body. What is proven is that the type of diet of the pregnant woman determines the baby's affinity or taste for what he eats; For example, if the mother did not eat vegetables, her little one will reject them when other foods begin to be introduced.
3. Scares, upsets or problems can stop your milk.
Although there is a determining relationship between the emotional state of the mother and the well-being of her baby, up to the age of five, there is no basis for this belief. What can cut off the milk is the baby's lack of suction, perhaps some medication and insufficient feeding by the mother. You should not start diets to lose weight while breastfeeding.
4. If I become pregnant again, I must stop breastfeeding.
It is thought that if a woman becomes pregnant while breastfeeding, her milk will no longer be good food. It is a cultural misconception accompanied by a trend that favors the use of formula milk. The pediatrician explains that there is 'tandem breastfeeding', that is, the mother feeds the baby while carrying another child, without any problem; You can even breastfeed the oldest and youngest at the same time.
5. In the afternoons you have less milk than in the morning.
The time of day when the baby breastfeeds does not determine the quantity or quality of the milk. Perhaps this myth arises because the mother is more tired in the afternoon and assumes that her milk is no longer enough. The reality is that breast milk adapts to the needs of the infant, at every moment of the day and in every circumstance, and it is always enough because the baby takes what is necessary.
6. Breastfeeding increases hair loss.
During the postpartum period, between weeks 8 and 12, there is greater hair loss regardless of whether or not the mother is feeding the baby her milk. It is a normal cycle that is explained by the hormonal and metabolic changes typical of this stage, says the specialist. Breastfeeding is not the cause. The good news is that the woman will regain the normal amount of hair.
7. During breastfeeding, sexual relations deteriorate milk.
Sexual intercourse is a totally physiological and normal act that does not have to affect or interfere with breastfeeding. During the postpartum period, women may not feel inclined to be intimate with their partners, “but there is nothing in science to support this belief.”
8. Consuming beer increases milk production.
The consumption of all types of alcohol is contraindicated during breastfeeding. If the mother drinks beer, it will reach the baby through breast milk with all its harmful effects on the child's brain. There is no food, drink or substance that is 'salvation', Dr. Vásquez insists; It is the baby's correct sucking that guarantees milk production.
You might be interested in our Pediatrics service
Oral health and its relationship with Alzheimer's
The possible relationship between gum infection (periodontitis) and Alzheimer's confirms the importance of taking care of oral health. Although more in-depth studies are needed, dentist Gerson Cabezas of the Metropolitan Hospital maintains that this connection deserves attention.
" There are studies that reveal that patients with more than 10 years of chronic periodontitis are 70% more likely to develop Alzheimer's than people without this problem in their gums "
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Recently, he adds, it has been confirmed that the bacteria that causes periodontitis is found in the brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid and saliva of patients with this type of dementia. It is considered that, from the mouth, it can enter the blood and other parts of the body.
These are the causes, symptoms and effects of a gum infection:
- Lack of hygiene is the main cause of bacteria accumulation on teeth.
- Symptoms are pain around the tooth, inflammation, bleeding and shrinkage of the gum.
- This infection can cause the destruction of the bone and tissue that supports the teeth.
These are some basic recommendations to maintain correct oral hygiene and ensure the overall well-being of our body:
- Brushing your teeth at least twice a day.
- Flossing once a day.
- Use toothpaste that contains fluoride.
- Proper use of mouthwashes.
- Dental cleanings and periodic visits to the dentist.
It is important that the health of our teeth and gums is not overlooked; It has to be seen as part of our comprehensive well-being and receive, like other organs and functions, adequate attention.
Four principles to prevent acute childhood hepatitis
The virus that causes hepatitis A is mainly responsible for the sudden inflammation of the healthy liver in children and adolescents; or what is known, medically, as acute childhood hepatitis, explains Dr. Edison Aymacaña, pediatric gastroenterologist at the Metropolitan Hospital.
It is a virus that is generally transmitted through the fecal-oral route; That is, it enters the mouths of children due to lack of hygiene. The disease can be prevented if the environment surrounding minors adopts four “good and effective principles”:
- Accept the hepatitis A vaccination schedule: two doses after the first year of life, with an interval of six months; and against hepatitis B: one dose at birth, another at two months and another at four months.
- Encourage and ensure, in the case of younger children, proper handwashing, with soap and water, for 40 to 60 seconds, before each meal and after going to the bathroom.
- Take care of correct food preparation and avoid sharing utensils or food within children's centers.
- Take precautions in areas or countries with a high incidence of hepatitis A, where access to safe drinking water or food is not guaranteed.
Acute childhood hepatitis "affects, above all, children under five years of age and most of the time - being viral - it resolves spontaneously with rest, good hydration, adequate nutrition and fever control using ibuprofen as the first alternative," explains the Dr. Aymacaña.
And although hepatitis A is the most common cause of liver inflammation in children, there are also cases of hepatitis B, which is transmitted from the pregnant mother to her baby, and toxic hepatitis caused by overdose or accidental ingestion of medications.
“Never leave medicines or syrups within the reach of children,” insists the pediatric gastroenterologist.
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Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: don't miss a fever or joint pain
Unlike what happens in patients with a weakened immune system, in children and young people with rheumatoid arthritis the antibodies are 'overactivated', they attack the cartilage that covers the bones in contact and inevitably affects the joints.
The reasons why this occurs among the population between 5 and 16 years of age are not clear, says traumatologist Carlos Navarrete of the Metropolitan Hospital. “It is a multifactorial disorder and, although there is also a hereditary burden, the gene that causes it is unknown.”
To deal with the disease, which is degenerative and has no definitive cure, it is necessary to understand how it acts:
- The most common symptom in young children is fever of unknown origin which, after a while, is accompanied by pain in one or more joints.
- Imaging studies and specific examinations , such as PCR tests, a blood count or inflammatory markers, allow us to examine the patient's condition.
- Regardless of whether the diagnosis is early or late, the first treatment front is clinical: medications to reduce inflammation and calm the immune system.
- When juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is detected early and the joint is not damaged, the medication allows the patient to stay in good condition for a certain time.
- If the case is severe, the medicine can escalate to more powerful anti-inflammatories and higher doses; It prevents joint damage from advancing and allows the disease to be controlled.
- When the degeneration or osteoarthritis is mild or moderate, the second treatment front may be infiltrations with hyaluronic acid, platelet-rich plasma or stem cells.
- If the joint is severely damaged, it must be replaced with a prosthesis ; To do so, you must wait until the patient has finished his or her growth stage.
The joints generally most affected by cartilage wear are the hips, knees, wrist, shoulder and hands, indicates Dr. Navarrete.
And although children diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are not condemned to wear many prostheses, "the most common thing is that they always have to have surgery for something."
The specialist's objective will always be: “to operate on them as late as possible and as little as possible.” The earlier it is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis.
You might be interested in our Traumatology services
Are we talking about cocoa or chocolate? It is not the same nor is it eaten the same
To clarify the usual discussion of how healthy or unhealthy it is to eat chocolate, Dr. Carlos Nieto of the Metropolitan Hospital makes the following statement: “when we talk about health benefits, we talk about cocoa; When we analyze the risks, we talk about chocolate.”
Cocoa is the beneficial ingredient in chocolate and becomes a candy when mixed with milk and sugar in different quantities. The discussion ends, according to the internist, when they are differentiated: “let's talk about cocoa or chocolate.”
Do we want to benefit from cocoa? asks the specialist and there are three ways to do it: eat chocolate with the highest cocoa component and the least amount of sugar; consume 100% cocoa no longer as a sweet but dissolved in water; or ingest it therapeutically under the guidance of a nutritionist.
Under these parameters, the benefits of cocoa consumption are the following:
- Theobromine, the main component of cocoa, activates several substances in the body: serotonin, dopamine, enkephalins and oxytocin.
- Serotonin, dopamine and enkephalins are associated with pleasure, joy and improvement.
- With dopamine, stress management is easier and the person rests better.
- Enkephalins improve memory and level of focused concentration; “Do you want to study? Eat cocoa because you will retain information better,” says the internist.
- A patient who consumes cocoa controls blood pressure and heart rate better and becomes less inflamed; It is recommended in cases of rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus.
- From a nutritional point of view, cocoa contains amino acids, good fats and flavonoids (substances found in plants) that improve blood circulation.
In general, it is not recommended to consume cocoa constantly throughout the day because by acting as a stimulant, it can lead to palpitations, tachycardia, headaches or migraines. The recommended amount varies from 10 to 20 grams daily.
What are you looking for the benefits of cocoa or enjoying chocolate? asks Dr. Nieto. If the answer is to enjoy the treat, there are basic recommendations:
- The less sweet, the better.
- Be careful with the quantities: chocolate makes you fat, can generate insulin resistance, increase the probability of diabetes and cause cardiovascular and metabolic problems.
- There is no need to demonize it; you have to know how to enjoy it.
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Symptoms of pregnancy in the father, 'Solidarity havoc'
Parents who have cravings at the same time as their pregnant partner? Husbands who suddenly reject certain foods or who feel tired as if their body is also experiencing the hormonal roller coaster?
If it happens. It is not common, but parents can experience the ravages of a pregnancy. Gynecologist Juan Molina from the Metropolitan Hospital calls it 'symptomatology of solidarity' and states that the probable causes are the strong emotional bond or the hormonal exchange in the intimacy of the couple.
In his consultation, Dr. Molina has identified circumstances in which these 'symptoms of solidarity' become more common:
- When there is a highly desired pregnancy. The father wants to feel the same as his partner; It is an understandable desire.
- When there is very good rapport between the couple. Both want to live the experience with the same intensity and “emotions often lead us to feel certain somatizations.”
- When the father does not want to be just an observer. In addition to being very supportive of his wife's pregnancy, he adopts a protective role towards her and their baby.
After the first three months of pregnancy, and as almost always happens with women, the father stops feeling these discomforts. Dr. Molina has received men who report, above all, an aversion to some type of food or increased appetite, sensitivity to odors, sleepiness or fatigue.
Solidarity, says the specialist, is essential to experience pregnancy pleasantly; His advice: “It is very important that the father attends medical appointments with his wife; Thus, they can collaborate in the development of pregnancy and understand the mother.”
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With every pint of blood three lives can be saved
Donating each pint of blood can save at least three lives and continues to be one of the most generous forms of helping others, says hematologist Johanna Rojas, part of the medical staff at the Metropolitan Hospital.
How does this happen? Each pint, explains the specialist, contains 450 milliliters of blood and when subjected to a centrifuge it can be divided into three blood components: red blood cells, plasma and platelets. Each one with the capacity to save a life.
Those who need transfusions the most are cancer patients; After chemotherapies, the bone marrow is affected and several blood components decrease.
In addition to this first medical emergency, each pint of blood can address the following conditions:
- Red blood cells: they are used in a transfusion when there is acute blood loss due, generally, to an accident, surgery, or cesarean delivery; also in hemophiliac patients who experience bleeding.
- Plasma: it is intended for patients with coagulation disorders to compensate for the absence of factors that prevent bleeding.
- Platelets: with this blood component, liver and autoimmune disorders are treated.
A pint is equivalent to 10% of the total volume of blood that circulates in our body and although only one of these doses can be extracted per donor, each pint, the hematologist emphasizes, can benefit more than one patient and save their life.
You may also be interested in our Blood Bank service
Summer is coming!: how to protect our skin from solar radiation
As a new summer begins and we begin to plan family vacations, we share the specialist's recommendations to enjoy the sun without putting the health of the skin at risk by overexposing it to radiation.
Before reviewing the key tips, dermatologist Carmen Sánchez explains that solar radiation is composed of ultraviolet ray waves, infrared waves and visible light; It is an overexposure to the former that affects the skin and can even damage its DNA.

Dr. Sánchez, dermatologist at the Metropolitan Hospital, invites us to take the following into account:
- Direct sun exposure hours: it is recommended to do so before 9:00 a.m. and after 4:00 p.m. regardless of whether the day is cloudy or not.
- How much time of direct exposure: it should not exceed 15 minutes a day , even if we are wearing sunscreen; If we have arms and legs covered, and wear a hat or cap, we can stay under the sun while being careful with hydration.
- Sun exposure according to skin type: people with very light skin, which corresponds to phototypes 1 or 2 (on a scale of 6), should avoid direct exposure to the sun by wearing long-sleeved cotton t-shirts and a hat. and glasses.
- Use of sunscreen: a sun protection factor of 30 already offers adequate coverage for the skin; You have to apply it to the face and the rest of the body if we are at the beach or the pool; and repeat the application every two or three hours . If there is contact with water, every hour.
- Be careful with babies: children under six months cannot be directly exposed to the sun because at their age the use of sunscreen is contraindicated.
- Protection for children: if they are outdoors, in the sun, in a pool or on the beach, it is important that they wear a cotton t-shirt and long-leg swim shorts or suits; Clothing with ultraviolet protection can dehydrate them.
- Foods that protect us: while we are on vacation, we can consume carotenoids such as carrots and papaya; vitamin C, in citrus fruits or in its oral presentation; vitamin E (tocopherol); and even the extract of polypodium leucotomos, also known as the Costa Rica fern, “helps as antioxidants to prevent skin damage from radiation,” says the dermatologist.
When we think of summer, we think of sun. To enjoy this time of year, Dr. Sánchez insists, the best way to protect our skin from solar radiation is the 'physical barrier' (appropriate clothing, hat, glasses) and seeking shade.
The use of glasses is now a visual health issue
It's no longer about fashion or aesthetics, it's about health. Beyond complementing our way of dressing, glasses protect our eyesight from the sun's ultraviolet light and should be worn constantly when we leave the house or office at certain times of the day.
This is stated by Gustavo Baquero, an ophthalmologist at the Metropolitan Hospital, for whom it is key to understand, first of all, how UV rays can affect our eyes if they are not protected from their intensity:
- On the skin on the edge of the eyelid, overexposure can cause cancer.
- Dry eye: radiation, also associated with heat, evaporates the tears and generates discomfort.
- Over time, cataracts can occur (the lens becomes cloudy and vision is blurred).
- In the deep part of the eye, there may be alteration in the macula and deterioration of vision.
- Pterygium is more common in people with overexposure to sunlight.
The deterioration of the ozone layer and the location of the country where we live, with high radiation rates, should force us to restrict overexposure to the sun from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., even when the sky remains cloudy, maintains the specialist.

" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
And if we decide to go out and expose ourselves to environmental conditions, glasses should be mandatory. Of course, ensuring that they meet these characteristics:
- Have protection for ultraviolet light (the UV filter is also necessary in lenses).
- Preferably, they should cover the eyebrow and the lateral edges of the eyes.
- Young people who practice sports or physical activity outdoors should use them.
If the use of sunscreen to take care of our skin is essential, the use of good glasses is also essential, the ophthalmologist emphasizes, to guarantee our visual health.
Hypertension: probiotics add to the treatment
“Food is the cornerstone of the treatment of hypertension or high blood pressure,” says nutritionist Yedid Valcárcel. And salt intake is, without a doubt, one of the main factors that must be controlled.
The specialist, part of the medical team at the Metropolitan Hospital, explains that when talking about salt control, we cannot stop, however, at the simple idea of “putting less salt in food or eliminating it from the diet.”
The objective is to achieve eating habits that allow hypertension to be controlled and, to do so, the patient must follow these instructions:
- Do not consume ultra-processed foods because they already contain salt. Among them are seasoning broths, salts with spices, sauces, snacks and meats such as sausages, canned and smoked, for example.
- Control the amount of salt used in food preparation and do not overadd it to foods that already contain salt in the form of seasonings.
- Hydrate only with water; Drinks with non-caloric sweeteners and sodas have sodium.
- Follow an eating plan that controls weight, under the supervision of a professional.
Do probiotics help regulate high blood pressure?
Medical studies show that the use of probiotics reduces both high (systolic) and low (diastolic) pressure, says Dr. Valcárcel. “They are modest, but significant changes that reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.”

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria or microorganisms found in the intestinal flora and which, in patients with hypertension, are altered. Inside the body, by competing with unhealthy bacteria, they improve the intestinal barrier to prevent the entry of toxins; and produce substances that improve blood vasodilation.
There are two ways to consume them, details the specialist:
" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
- Oral probiotic supplements, very common and accessible on the market; Four to eight weeks should be taken to obtain results on the intestinal microflora.
- Certain types of yogurt; also fermented milks and kefir (fermented dairy). One of the strains that has shown the most benefits is lactobacillus.
Probiotics, the nutritionist emphasizes, do not replace the pharmacological treatment of a hypertensive patient; They make the medication more effective and, possibly, allow a reduction in its dose.
Are you a passive smoker? Know the risks you are exposed to
Who smokes puts at risk not only his health but also that of those around him. Passive smoking, as we commonly call the person who has direct contact with the smoke exhaled by the smoker or who shares the environment with the smoker, can develop serious ailments.
The longer the exposure time, the more years that pass and the greater the amount of tobacco the smoker consumes, the greater the risk for the 'second-hand smoker' (medical term), maintains pulmonologist Miguel Jarrín from the Metropolitan Hospital.
"Tobacco has more than 7,000 toxic substances and of these, at least 70 are related to oncological problems." After smoking, “small smoke dispersion particles and a particle derived from nicotine remain floating and can be inhaled up to three years later” even if the environment is ventilated.

The conditions that a passive smoker can develop, details Dr. Jarrín, are multiple, are scientifically proven and also depend on the susceptibilities of each person:
- You are 20% more likely to develop lung cancer compared to a person who is not exposed to tobacco smoke.
- The risk of developing COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is 2.5 times greater than someone who does not inhale these substances.
- You are 1.4 times more likely to develop diabetes compared to someone who is not a passive smoker.
- Children become susceptible to asthma, exacerbations of respiratory infections, and even sudden death in the case of infants.
- Susceptibility to nasopharyngeal cancer, cervical cancer, leukemias and lymphomas.
- Asthma exacerbations in already diagnosed adults; and increased risk of developing asthma in children under 5 years of age exposed to cigarette smoke.
- Although lower, there is also a risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
In these scenarios, education and prevention, the pulmonologist emphasizes, continue to be the most important measures to confront smoking and its consequences.
Watch out for meningitis! There are no poorly cured flus
There are no poorly cured flus, this term does not exist in medicine. Any patient with a headache, fever and altered consciousness should be treated under suspicion of meningitis, says Dr. Eduardo Castro, a neurologist at the Metropolitan Hospital.
Respiratory infections caused by bacteria such as pneumococcus or viruses such as COVID can progress and compromise the central nervous system, producing meningitis or inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain; “But it's not because of poorly treated flu,” he insists.
There are meningitis that do not present previous respiratory symptoms; there are those caused by tubercle bacillus or meningococcus that affect children and young people.
The specialist makes it clear what the signs are that accompany meningitis and the process for its diagnosis that prevents sequelae in the patient the earlier it arrives:

- The characteristic sign of the disease is neck stiffness.
- Symptoms are headache, fever and progressive alteration of consciousness.
- Analysis of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid determines whether it is viral or bacterial.
- For prognosis and treatment, it is important to know the type of virus or bacteria.
" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
Those most susceptible to the possibility of the bacteria or virus entering the central nervous system and causing meningitis are very elderly patients, very young children or people with immunological depression, says Dr. Castro.
The message, says the neurologist, is the following: “if a patient sick with what was believed to be the flu has a headache and fever, starts sleeping a lot or talks incoherently, you must immediately go to the emergency service of a hospital. hospital".
Five myths about hemophilia: is it true that it is only hereditary?
Hemophilia is a disease considered rare or orphan, which affects on average one in every 10,000 men born and which, although it was registered by science at the beginning of the 19th century, is still associated with false beliefs.
It has no cure and is caused by mutations in the genes of the factors or proteins that allow proper blood clotting, explains hematologist Johanna Rojas from the Metropolitan Hospital.
To educate about the scope and behavior of hemophilia, the specialist identifies the myths that persist around the disease and contrasts them with scientific data:
FIRST: Hemophilia is 100% hereditary
FIRST: Hemophilia is 100% hereditary
While it is true that, in most cases, hemophilia is caused by a defective gene linked to the X chromosome, which is inherited from the mother and affects mainly men because they have only one chromosome of this type, There may be cases of 'de novo' or spontaneous mutations, that is, “unexplained and without family history.”
SECOND: Hemophilia is the same in all patients
SECOND: Hemophilia is the same in all patients
It isn't true. There are several types, explains the specialist: hemophilia A has a deficiency of coagulation factor 8; B has factor 9 deficiency; and hemophilia C, factor 11. In addition, there are degrees of disease: from mild to severe, depending on the percentage of factor deficiency. If it is mild, the diagnosis occurs when the patient undergoes, for example, surgery and has a lot of bleeding. When severe, a newborn may develop a hematoma due to the birth process.
THIRD: Patients with hemophilia cannot perform physical activity
THIRD: Patients with hemophilia cannot perform physical activity
“It is not true because, in reality, you must first take into account the severity of hemophilia and the type of activity.” A patient with severe hemophilia will not be able to do extreme sports, but they will be able to swim or walk with medical supervision.

“You have to be a little more careful with children who are the most sensitive population and adapt the activity to the type of hemophilia,” says Dr. Rojas.
FOURTH: Iron can cure hemophilia
FOURTH: Iron can cure hemophilia
Nothing cures hemophilia, says the hematologist. “People believe that by eating foods with iron, like peanuts or meat, they can heal, but it is not true.” Iron intake is important when there is bleeding because it must be replaced in the body.
FIFTH: All hemophiliacs have some level of physical disability
FIFTH: All hemophiliacs have some level of physical disability
The possibility of joint damage and subsequent knee and elbow deformities is higher in cases of severe hemophilia. However, medicine or treatment that compensates for the lack of clotting factor prevents these effects of the disease.
Active exercise and Mediterranean diet, two strategies to delay Parkinson's
Parkinson's is a degenerative disease of aging that affects the neurons responsible for producing dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is responsible for facilitating body movement.
For this reason, maintains Magdalena Gómez, a neurologist at the Metropolitan Hospital, “everything that allows us to have satisfactory brain aging would be or act, relatively, as a protector against Parkinson's disease.”
Based on recent studies, carried out in large populations, the specialist explains that there are three specific strategies that can delay the appearance of this disease when there is no genetic component involved:
- Active exercise between the ages of 40 and 50 reduces the risk of developing Parkinson's by 50% after age 85.
- Cocoa and coffee, in products that are as natural as possible, function as protectors against neurodegenerative processes in general.
- A healthy lifestyle that adopts a Mediterranean diet delays the average onset of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's by five years.
The Mediterranean diet, explains Dr. Gómez, is based on the consumption of fish, legumes, olive oil, olives, tomatoes and whole grains.
Thinking about Ecuadorian products, it would be equivalent to a diet with legumes and fruits, fish such as tuna and trout, shellfish, nuts, grains and avocado.

" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
If the goal is to achieve adequate aging, the neurologist explains, there are factors, proven by science, that work in its favor: do not smoke, do not drink alcoholic beverages after the age of 65, nor do it excessively between the ages of 16 and 22 because it can injure the brain.
In addition, hypertension and diabetes must be controlled; treat obesity, sleep apnea, depression and, if present, hearing loss, as it impairs thinking.
Clean hands: seven instructions to get a good wash
Although we thought that the pandemic would teach us more than one good lesson regarding hygiene habits, the importance of good hand washing has once again been far from the radar of most Ecuadorians.
We continue to think that they are generally clean, warns Alex Almeida, an internist at the Metropolitan Hospital, and we do not see the need to wash them when we take money, take transportation, go to the bathroom, cough or sneeze covering our mouth.
How do I wash my hands properly?
Educating yourself and being aware that dirty or poorly washed hands are a source of illness for me and those around me is the first step to acquiring a good habit. Then, on a day-to-day basis, there are seven instructions from Dr. Almeida:

- Wet your hands before applying the soap to obtain foam.
- Use liquid soap for hygiene; The stick product accumulates dirt in the remains left after use.
- Take enough time for washing; the World Health Organization recommends at least one minute.
- Acquire good handwashing technique. The specialist describes it like this:
- First the foam is formed.
- They rub their palms together.
- The back of one hand is rubbed against the palm of the other and vice versa.
- They wash their nails by hugging them with the opposite hand.
- The hands are intertwined to rub between the fingers and the thumb is embraced, soaping it.
- Rinse well, letting the water flow over your hands to wash away all the foam.
- Use paper towels for drying; It is more hygienic because the cloth one can store dirt from poorly washed hands or soap residue that the water did not remove.
- Just using water does not help; It is the soap and the foam that forms that eliminate bacteria.
- You must wash your hands before eating, at any time of the day; before and after going to the bathroom; upon arriving home after normal activities; and after playing with or touching a pet.
" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
The ketogenic diet, an effective way in uncontrolled epilepsy
The ketogenic diet, that is, very high in fat, quite low in carbohydrates and very moderate in protein, is the most effective therapeutic tool, after surgery, to deal with difficult-to-control epilepsy that does not respond to common medications.
These patients, in whom the ketogenic diet reduces the signs of epilepsy, explains neurologist Patricio Abad, from the Metropolitan Hospital, “must have taken at least two medications, appropriately, without achieving control of their seizures.”
The visual image of a meal adjusted to this type of diet would be: fried eggs, plenty of bacon, mayonnaise and avocado; with a small piece of bread, orange juice and a small portion of protein.
What effect does the ketogenic diet have on the body of a person with epilepsy?
To understand how this diet benefits epilepsy patients, you must first know that the human brain normally obtains energy from glucose. With this drastic dietary change, you begin to depend on fats.

How this change allows the control of epileptic seizures, which can appear as a simple disconnection or as a large seizure; Dr. Abad explains it this way:
- Fats activate a metabolism in the brain capable of inhibiting some stimulating or excitatory mechanisms, such as glutamate or aspartate, which cause seizures.
- At the same time, the fats on which the ketogenic diet is based stimulate other neurotransmitters such as GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), which inhibit neuronal discharges or seizures.
- These neurotransmitters are normally coupled; but in epilepsy, excitatory substances such as glutamate (fries, packaged cheese balls, sausages, olives, sauce, packet soups, bar broths, etc.) and aspartate (oysters, sausages, certain types of wild animal meats) , etc.) rise and the patient suffers disconnections or seizures, characteristics of the disease.
Of every 100 patients with epilepsy, the neurologist highlights, 30% globally do not achieve adequate control of their seizures. And although the first option is surgery, which eliminates the lesion in the brain, the ketogenic diet is the only alternative for many of these patients.
Studies show that with this diet the number of crises is reduced between 30% and 40%; a benefit that, according to Dr. Abad, is not overshadowed by adverse effects that are manageable and moderate, such as weight loss, high cholesterol levels and fatigue.
" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
Kidney stones: what is true or not among popular beliefs?
When talking about kidney stones, it is important to understand that there is not just one type of stone, there are several and their diagnosis cannot be generalized because they do not always express themselves as colic; and that your treatment must be personalized taking into account your origin.
This is stated by Dr. Fernando Jiménez, nephrologist at the Metropolitan Hospital, who clarifies in this article some of the most widespread and erroneous ideas about this disease.
- Drinking mineral water produces stones
It cannot be generalized. Excessive consumption of mineral water, which is alkaline, containing sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium, would favor the formation of stones. What is clear, the specialist emphasizes, is that the more liquid a person drinks, the less risk of stone formation there is; and that even mineral water, in reasonable quantities, can be useful to avoid them. - With kidney stones, you must eliminate foods with calcium
It is a very common myth to think that, if kidney stones are calcium, you should stop drinking milk or its derivatives. It cannot be generalized, says Dr. Jiménez. There are calcium oxalate stones and, in this case, it is not necessary to restrict its intake in the diet, but calcium supplements should not be taken either. On the other hand, if behind the formation of a stone there is a patient with hyperabsorption of calcium, it is recommended to restrict its consumption.
- Kidney stones always cause colicIt isn't true. There are kidney stones that do not present colic and their discovery may be derived, for example, from a urinary infection, the presence of blood in the urine or abdominal pain. The most frequent expression of a kidney stone is colic that occurs because the stone is moving down towards the urinary tract, but it is not the only one; When there are no symptoms, the stone can grow too large and end up damaging the kidney.
- Kidney stones always cause colicIt isn't true. There are kidney stones that do not present colic and their discovery may be derived, for example, from a urinary infection, the presence of blood in the urine or abdominal pain. The most frequent expression of a kidney stone is colic that occurs because the stone is moving down towards the urinary tract, but it is not the only one; When there are no symptoms, the stone can grow too large and end up damaging the kidney.
- There are natural treatments that can dissolve the stone
“Until now no product has shown that it is capable of dissolving an already formed kidney stone,” says the specialist. While the 'stone' is not formed, he adds, there are substances that could help the expulsion of certain calcium membranes in the kidney. Infusions, such as 'chancapiedra', promote the expulsion of stones in people who frequently produce them due to metabolic disorders, but they do not eliminate stone formation.
- If the pain goes away, I have nothing to worry about anymore.If the pain goes away, it is not correct to think that the stone has disappeared. Colic occurs because the stone is moving to come out; However, in this process, it can become stuck in the ureter, the exit route for urine from the kidney to the bladder, and stop causing pain. It is dangerous because the stone can generate a dam that would end up damaging the organ.
- Back pain is a symptom of kidney problemsIf the low back pain is bilateral, that is, it occurs across the entire width of the area, it is not associated with kidney problems, says Dr. Jiménez. In kidney pathologies, back pain is unilateral.
" You have to be realistic, says Dr. Valcárcel: December is not the time to diet. If you are following a weight control plan, perhaps an achievable goal is to maintain it. In any case, adds the nutritionist, moderation will always be the key. secret. Enjoy it is said !
What type of shoes affect a woman's body?
What woman has not been attracted to beautiful high-heeled shoes and while looking at them in the display case, she imagines that she is wearing them and that her figure becomes longer and more stylized. If any of our readers raises her hand and says 'it hasn't happened to me', she is just the exception that proves the rule.
And although no one takes away our taste or at least our desire, it is important to know that prolonged use of this type of footwear leads to health problems that become visible, and even chronic, with the passage of time, says traumatologist Carlos Almeida, doctor at the Metropolitan Hospital.
Thin stiletto-heeled shoes more than 6 centimeters high and also ending in a point cause the following harmful effects on a woman's body:

- Alterations in normal gait function due to limited mobility of the ankles.
- Contracture of the calf muscles: Achilles tendon and the 'calfs', caused by the elevated position of the heel.
- Functional alterations in the soles of the feet: the structures that allow the body to maintain its position and posture are affected.
- When the normal position of the body changes, lower back pain may occur.
- Risk of trauma and ankle sprains.
- If there is constant use over time, heel pain and plantar fasciitis that are expressed with a stabbing pain in the sole of the foot.
- If the shoes end pointedly, foot deformity problems arise.
- Predisposition to circulatory problems because prolonged use shortens the muscles of the feet, preventing them from pumping blood back to the heart.
Dr. Almeida emphasizes that problems arise when years of constant use of this type of shoes have accumulated; “It can even cause damage to the knees or lead to osteoarthritis or wear and tear of the joints.”

The key, he recommends, is not to go to extremes. Ballerina-type shoes, called 'flat', are not the best either: "they lack cushioning - one of the functions of footwear - and their daily use will bring pain and fatigue, as well as the presence of calluses."
In heels, the traumatologist suggests opting for 'magnolia type' so that the body sits on a larger surface. Vary the type of footwear used, avoid the combination of thin and pointed heels and perform foot stretches is also necessary.
" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
Bariatric surgery. Why can't emotions be put aside?
The emotions and psychological state of a patient with obesity, who has qualified for bariatric surgery and will substantially reduce his weight, are currently a fundamental part of the multidisciplinary management of this disease.
Dr. Xavier Guarderas, bariatric surgeon at the Metropolitan Hospital, maintains that psychological assessment and support should always accompany a patient with obesity, who will be treated with surgery or by changing their eating habits, for the following reasons:
- There is, in a certain group of patients, an underlying eating problem or anxiety disorder that leads them to compulsive eating.
- More than 90% of overweight and obese people, according to the specialist, have low self-esteem and, therefore, are psychologically unstable.
- Low social tolerance for obesity places people with overweight problems in situations that affect them emotionally.
- If there is an obsessive-compulsive disorder behind obesity, it must be identified in time so that the patient receives psychiatric help before surgery or treatment.
" It is always healthy to address the emotional issue in the process of opting for bariatric surgery; these patients have not become obese by chance (…) all this information must be collected "
Bariatric surgery cannot occur overnight and requires following careful processes that require the intervention of different specialists depending on each case and will consider psychological, nutritional, among others, until reaching the operation itself.
After bariatric surgery, the multidisciplinary approach should continue. Every month, at least in the first stage, “we follow up to guide the patient, step by step, on the path to follow to lose weight.”
In addition to nutrition and vitamin support, psychological support is essential to guarantee a change in behavior without conflict, says Dr. Guarderas. Without a long-term change in habits, there is a risk of relapse and the patient could gain weight, eventually becoming obese again.
Six principles for assertive communication within a couple
We agree that communication is one of the pillars on which a couple is strengthened, but how can we turn it into an effective tool to face daily situations and resolve misunderstandings, problems or crises between two people who love each other.
To begin to answer the question, psychologist Valeria Veintimilla, part of the group of specialists at the Metropolitan Hospital, explains that there are three types of communication and it is important to recognize which one we are using within the couple:
- Aggressive : when emotions, thoughts or opinions are expressed in an impulsive and hurtful way, without respecting the other and invalidating them.
- Passive: when what each person thinks, feels or opinions is not expressed in a clear and concrete way; The messages are ambiguous and diffuse.
- Assertive: when feelings, emotions or opinions are expressed at an opportune moment, in a clear and concrete manner, validating the other's perspective and respecting their rights and needs with empathy.
Developing assertive communication in a couple, says Dr. Veintimilla, “is something that happens with practice,” after becoming aware of how we react and when we fall into the two extremes: aggressiveness or passivity.
" It seemed to Japanese scientists that the affected heart took the shape of an octopus trap known, in their language, as 'takotsubo'; therefore, this heart failure is also called 'Takotsubo Syndrome' "

When there is assertive communication, explains the clinical psychologist, the bond between the couple is reinforced and a greater connection is generated; both fundamental things: the first to reach agreements and the second, to make decisions that involve both people.
And if one of the two resists becoming aware of the communication problems, it is important that the person who has realized the difficulty takes the role of guide. Finally, says Dr. Veintimilla, “the goal of the couple is to support each other, to teach each other, because neither of them has the absolute truth.”
Do not complain, do not reject, do not reproach. Yes recognize, yes express, yes understand, yes empathize.
'Broken heart syndrome' exists; know what it is and why it occurs
At the end of last November, the Argentine press reported the death of a father who, shocked by the suicide of his son, and the death of two others in a traffic accident years before, suffered a sudden heart attack. “His heart couldn't take it anymore after losing three children,” the note said.
The Argentine father of a family suffered what is scientifically known as 'Broken Heart Syndrome': a heart condition, similar in its symptoms and evolution to a heart attack, and caused by too intense an emotional burden or stress.
Cardiologist Giovanni Escorza, part of the medical team at the Metropolitan Hospital, explains step by step what happens to the heart when you experience this syndrome and how it is diagnosed:
- The enormous emotional load generates excessive production of cortisol and catecholamines, enzymes associated with certain stimuli.
- The symptoms are similar to those of a myocardial infarction; especially chest pain.
- The electrocardiogram shows alterations associated with a heart attack.
- Biomarkers, particularly the level of troponins, a type of enzyme associated with the heart muscle, are elevated.
- Cardiac catheterization, which is the next step, shows that the coronary arteries are clear.
The absence of damage to the arteries points, unequivocally, to a 'Broken Heart Syndrome', maintains Dr. Escorza. A subsequent examination to verify the functioning of the left ventricle, from where blood is expelled to the rest of the body, ends up confirming this.
“We find that there are alterations in the morphology of the ventricle; This takes the shape of a balloon because it contracts (as if it were squeezed) towards the base part”, but the rest maintains its shape, describes the cardiologist.
" It seemed to Japanese scientists that the affected heart took the shape of an octopus trap known, in their language, as 'takotsubo'; therefore, this heart failure is also called 'Takotsubo Syndrome' "
How do you cure 'broken heart syndrome'?
How do you cure 'broken heart syndrome'?
The use of beta blockers, which serve to regulate the supply and demand of oxygen in the heart muscle, allows the control of the syndrome and the excess of enzymes that cause it. “After this abrupt discharge, the heart eventually recovers completely,” says Dr. Escorza.
Are you sensitive to similar episodes? The cardiologist says that there is nothing clearly described on a medical level, but that the patient will probably remain medicated. The general health of the person is also decisive in recovery; comorbidities complicate the picture.
Three important facts about 'Broken Heart Syndrome'
Three important facts about 'Broken Heart Syndrome'
- Some body reactions are difficult to anticipate and could be avoided in some cases, for example, patients with a history of depression should maintain regular follow-up with a specialist doctor.
- It mainly affects postmenopausal women.
- It occurs in around 1% of patients with suspected heart attack.
If it is an excessively intense emotion or stress that causes the syndrome, adequate pain therapy (in difficult surgeries) and psychological help when the death of a very close person is anticipated, Dr. Escorza maintains, could prevent it.
Congenital heart diseases have a good life expectancy when corrected in time.
Congenital heart disease is a malformation or structural damage to the heart that the patient has had since birth. Heart disease is determined through pregnancy controls using a fetal echo when there is suspicion on the part of the doctor. They should be done after 20 weeks of gestation.
It is common for children with some type of syndrome (Noonan, Down, Turner, Williams or others) to have some type of heart disease, but healthy children can also develop heart problems and it is necessary that, when there is suspicion of any syndrome, evaluate the heart, as explained by Dr. Lucía Gordillo, pediatric cardiologist at Hospital Metropolitano.
When it is determined that heart disease exists, the mother must go to a tertiary hospital or a health home that provides adequate care for her baby at the time of birth and is treated with all necessary precautions.
Causes of heart disease and risk factors
Causes of heart disease and risk factors
Heart diseases are multifactorial and are not hereditary. For example, the environment the mother was in during pregnancy, the use of medications at the time of conception or during the first eight weeks that the heart forms; Contamination, especially of water with traces of mercury, can be some risk factors.
Likewise, there are other possible causes in parents as detailed by Dr. Gordillo:
- The lack of control of type A or B diabetes in the mother contributes to the baby developing some type of heart disease.
- If one of the parents had a bicuspid aorta malformation, that is, they have only two leaflets, instead of three; It could cause the baby to develop it too.
- Parental hypertension that could lead to some type of heart disease in the baby.
Types of heart disease
Types of heart disease
In Ecuador, several types of heart diseases have been demonstrated, which, according to Dr. Gordillo, can range from the most common and treatable, such as atrial septal defect (ASD), to the most complex, such as tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great vessels. large arteries, which if treated in time, can have a high life expectancy.

Warning signs of heart disease in a newborn
Warning signs of heart disease in a newborn
- The baby does not gain weight, even if he eats.
- Tiredness when eating or breastfeeding.
- Excessive breathing, it is observed that the chest rises and falls obviously.
- Exaggerated sweating in the head, caused by overexertion of the heart.
- Purple discoloration of the skin, nails and lips.
Why is diagnosis the most important thing?
Why is diagnosis the most important thing?

1. Early diagnosis in the baby determines whether surgical intervention is necessary in the first days to save his life and some should even be performed in utero, as is the case of aortic stenosis (accumulation of calcium deposits that narrow the heart valve). ).
2. A fetal echocardiogram will identify heart disease in time for timely treatment. In addition, it is essential that the mother have all gestational controls.
3. The life expectancy of a child who does not have a diagnosis will depend on the type of heart disease he or she has. Many live with or without symptoms until adulthood, however, there are others that unfortunately can cause death before the first year of life.
" A person with heart disease can have a normal life, but parents and families must be aware that they need periodic pediatric and cardiological monitoring, daily care and hygiene to avoid infections that can lodge in the heart, such as "dental "
Ten myths and beliefs about cancer: the importance of looking at the scientific evidence
Perhaps because there is no general cure for cancer or because we all know someone, more or less close, who battles this disease, it is common for us to harbor erroneous beliefs or myths about its origin, treatment or prevention. The first: cancer equals death.
We take advantage of this February 4, World Cancer Day, to review some of the most common misconceptions and, with the help of Dr. Cynthia López, clinical oncologist at the Metropolitan Hospital, put on the table what is scientifically proven.
- Cancer equals death
Currently, it is not a death sentence. The figures indicate that “more than half of the types of cancer even have a cure when they are detected early,” says Dr. López. It is important, he adds, to individualize each case, each diagnosis and each therapy; looking at the disease as a race of persistence, during which new molecules or more effective treatments will surely appear. - All cancer is hereditary
Only 5% of cancer diagnosis is linked to genetic inheritance; and especially malignant tumors in the breast, prostate and stomach. Therefore, not all cancers have a genetic explanation. It is important for the specialist to determine if the cancer that his patient presents is hereditary and applies for genetic testing for two reasons: to seek strategies to prevent the disease in his offspring and to take advantage of therapies that target certain mutations. - Cancer is contagiousIt is a disease that is defined as an alteration in cellular reproduction and morphology and, therefore, does not have an infectious origin. It makes no sense or reason, the clinical oncologist emphasizes, to isolate the cancer patient at home, place him in an exclusive room or differentiate his crockery and cutlery. On the contrary, “it requires a lot of support.”
- If I have cancer, eating sugar will make it worseIt is false, maintains the specialist: "it is not scientifically proven, to date, that sugar feeds cancer cells and, therefore, its elimination from the diet will end the disease." Reducing sugar consumption or stopping consuming it are important decisions because too much sugar leads to diabetes, metabolic diseases and obesity: conditions that become risk factors for certain types of tumors.
- Soursop juice increases defenses to attack cancer
There is no scientific evidence that determines that the juice of this fruit increases defenses. There is no relationship between its consumption and the system that, within our body, fights infections and other diseases. What is recommended, says Dr. López, is a balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables and foods with omega 3; and a healthy lifestyle. - Distress and depression increase the aggressiveness of cancer
A cancer diagnosis brings with it feelings of sadness and anxiety, but it is wrong to think that depression or 'emotional depression' weakens the patient's immune system and the cancer will then get worse. “We have to be empathetic with people who face this disease and give them time to process what they are experiencing,” says the clinical oncologist. - A positive attitude improves the prognosis of treatment“There is nothing proven in this regard,” says Dr. López. What does exist, he adds, is a direct relationship between the way of coping with cancer and adaptation to treatment; That is, if the patient improves his emotional state (with a more positive attitude) he will better adhere to schedules and recommendations for taking medicines, chemotherapies, radiotherapies and others.
- Tumor biopsy can spread cancerThis possibility does not exist, says the specialist. Biopsies or surgeries, he explains, are key to diagnosing tumors, through the pathological study of the tissue, and the application of immediate treatments. It is also not true that the biopsy causes faster growth of the tumor; If it becomes larger it is because the biology of the tumor is more aggressive.
- Natural treatments can cure cancerIn a country with strong ancestral roots, like Ecuador, it is common to seek relief or cure for diseases in elements of nature. However, scientifically, “no herb, natural product, poison or animal sting cures cancer,” says Dr. López. And although the patient's beliefs can be respected, it is essential that any 'alternative therapy' be coordinated with the doctor to avoid toxic interactions with certain medications.
- Exposure to electromagnetic devices causes cancerScientific studies have not shown that exposure to or proximity to high-voltage cables, electrical transformers, microwaves, cell phone antennas, mobile or cordless telephones have harmful health effects, including cancer. “These are ideas fueled by 'fake news' that spread on the Internet,” says the clinical oncologist.
" You have to be realistic, says Dr. Valcárcel: December is not the time to diet. If you are following a weight control plan, perhaps an achievable goal is to maintain it. In any case, adds the nutritionist, moderation will always be the secret. Enjoy it is said !
At what age is a first comprehensive medical check-up recommended?
A first, more in-depth medical check-up should be carried out at age 40, in healthy men and women, who do not present any symptoms or signs of illness and who do not have a family history of cancer or metabolic problems such as diabetes.
Yes, the internist at the Metropolitan Hospital, Israel Narváez, affirms it. This check-up, he details, should include blood tests to evaluate the functioning of the kidneys, liver and thyroid, to measure cholesterol and sugar, in addition to a lung x-ray and ultrasounds of the liver and kidneys.
Before this check-up, an annual medical check-up is recommended that includes very basic blood tests to check blood sugar levels, kidney function and indicators of anemia.
" Between the ages of 18 and 40, there is generally very little risk of disease; the annual review serves to verify that everything is fine and, usually, occupational examinations within companies have that objective "
In which cases should the first medical check be brought forward?
In which cases should the first medical check be brought forward?
In three groups of patients, it is important to apply other types of criteria to decide what is the most appropriate time for a first, more exhaustive medical check-up, says the internist.

- People with risk factors associated with parents and uncles with stomach, colon and breast cancer at an early age. In these cases, the check-up must be carried out ten years earlier in relation to the age at which the immediate family member was diagnosed: for example, if the father had colon cancer at age 40, the patient should have a first examination at age 30.
- In the case of women , an annual gynecological check-up is recommended once they have begun their active sexual life. From the age of 40, men should go to the urologist once a year for a prostate check.
- Athletes or people who have decided to practice a sport constantly must undergo examinations, regardless of their age, to verify their state of health. In addition to checking kidney, liver and thyroid functions, an electrocardiogram and a stress test are performed to verify your cardiac condition.
Dr. Narváez explains that, when there is a family history of metabolic diseases (diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol), the patient should be attentive to warning signs. If these occur, medical attention is required regardless of age.
From the age of 45, he adds, “the patient must have an endoscopy and a colonoscopy to diagnose stomach and colon cancer in time.”
The internist also recommends paying attention to being overweight: “a very important risk factor for many diseases.” Stop browsing the Internet and go to a professional if you have any symptoms is essential.
Learn more about our medical checkups here
Why is it not recommended to use antibacterial soap on a daily basis?
The advertising announcer who, on television or radio, tries to sell us an antibacterial soap tells us: “it eliminates 99.9% of bacteria and viruses”; and we thought: “what a relief, there is something that really protects us from diseases, we must use it!”
However, the idea that an antibacterial soap guarantees greater cleanliness and health is wrong. Patricia Durán, an internist at the Metropolitan Hospital, states that the activities and routines of daily life do not merit its use. What's more, it is not recommended.
Why not use antibacterial soap in your daily routine?
To understand why the use of antibacterial soaps to clean the body is harmful, Dr. Durán compares how a common soap acts, without this characteristic, versus the one sold as antibacterial:

The specialist comments that a recent study, carried out in the country, showed that "the more antibacterial soap is used, the more resistant bacteria become in the body and in the environment."
It has also been proven, he maintains, that “there was no difference between soap with extra antibiotic and regular soap when fighting the Covid-19 virus or influenza; “They both eliminated them by washing their hands.”
When thinking about the use of soap and the importance of adequate hygiene, Dr. Durán invites us to take the following into account:
- Human beings live with beneficial bacteria present throughout their skin, which should not be eliminated.
- No common activity in people's lives requires the use of soap that is always antibacterial.
- Within a normal life, regular soap is the best option.














































